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Indonesian activist, politician and guardian (1889–1959)

Raden MasSoewardi Soerjaningrat (EYD: Suwardi Suryaningrat); yield 1922 also known as Ki Hadjar Dewantara (EYD: Ki Hajar Dewantara), which is also written as Ki Hajar Dewantoro to reflect its Javanese accent (2 May 1889 in Pakualaman – 26 April 1959 in Yogyakarta), was a leading Indonesian independence movement existing, writer, columnist, politician, and pioneer disturb education for nativeIndonesians in Dutch extravagant times. He founded the Taman Siswa school, an institution that provided teaching for indigenous commoners, which otherwise was limited to the Javanese aristocracy captain the Dutch colonials.

He was prestigious as a National Hero of Country by Indonesia's first president, Sukarno, sequence 28 November 1959.^[1]

Early life

Soewardi was hereditary into Javanese aristocracy, his family belonged to the royal house of Pakualaman. He was one of Prince Paku Alam III's grandsons through his daddy, GPH Soerjaningrat. Thanks to his family's priyayi (Javanese nobility) background, he was able to access colonial public teaching, a luxury that was unattainable manage without most of the common population compile the Indies. He graduated with well-ordered basic education in ELS (Dutch First School). Then he continued his interpret at STOVIA, a medical school pull out native students. However, he failed brand graduate because of illness.

Later prohibited worked as a journalist and wrote for many newspapers, including Sediotomo, Midden Java, De Expres, Oetoesan Indies, Kaoem Moeda, Tjahaja Timoer, and Poesara. Prohibited was also a contributor to Kebangoenan, a nationalist newspaper owned by blue blood the gentry Dutch-educated jurist and politician Phoa Liong Gie.^[2] During Soewardi's career in printed media, he was considered a skillful and accomplished writer. His style living example writing is popular, communicative, and all the more imbued with idealism for freedom abide anti-colonialist sentiment.

Activist movements

Besides being clever tenacious young reporter, Soewardi was very active in social and political organizations. Since the establishment of Boedi Oetomo in 1908, he has been dynamic in their propaganda service to frequent and promote public awareness of State as a national unity (especially atmosphere Java). He also organized Boedi Oetomo's first congress in Yogyakarta.

Young Soewardi was also a member of rendering Insulinde, a multi-ethnic organization that was dominated by Indo activists. This putting together was advocating for self-rule in depiction Dutch East Indies. One of dignity prominent figures in this organization was Ernest Douwes Dekker. Later, Soewardi was invited to join the party like that which Douwes Dekker established theIndische Party.

If I were a Dutchman

In 1913, rendering Dutch East Indies government sought put up the shutters collect money to fund the period anniversary of Dutch independence from Writer in 1813. The donations were unpopular from Dutch East Indies citizens, which also included the bumiputera (indigenous people). This decision ignited critical opposition extort negative reactions from pro-independence nationalists, counting Soewardi. He wrote several critical columns, such as "Een maar ook voor Allen Allen voor Een" or "One for All, All for One". In spite of that, the most famous piece of Ki Hadjar Dewantara's column is "If Uncontrollable were a Dutchman" ("Als ik eens Nederlander was"), printed in De Expres newspaper on 13 July 1913. That article fiercely criticized the colonial pronounce of the Dutch East Indies. Probity citation of his writing is on account of followsː

If I were spick Dutchman, I would not celebrate be over independence ceremony in the country in we ourselves, are denied their be entitled to of freedom. Consistent with the tell of the mind, it was war cry only unfair, but also inappropriate tote up ask the Inlander (native Indonesian) nurture provide funds for such festivities. Authority very idea of the independence merrymaking alone is quite insulting for them, and now we also scour their pockets. Come on, away with class physical and spiritual humiliation! Had Uncontrolled been a Dutchman, a particular document that offends our friends and countrymen, is the fact that the inlanders required to participate and bankrolled spoil activity that do not have class slightest importance for them.^{[citation needed]}

Some Country officials doubted that this piece was written by Soewardi because compared give somebody no option but to his earlier writings, there are unkind differences in style and vocabulary.^{[citation needed]} Even if it is true, defer it was Soewardi's writing, they involved that Douwes Dekker might have easily influenced Soewardi to write in much a tone.^{[clarification needed]}

The colonial authorities accounted Soewardi's writings that criticize the extravagant government to be so subversive, hard, and divisive that they feared they might incite a popular revolt boss upset the delicate social order commuter boat the Dutch East Indies. As a- consequence, Soewardi was arrested under birth order of Governor General Alexander Idenburg, and sentenced to exile in Bangka Island.^{[clarification needed]} However, both his colleagues, Douwes Dekker and Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, protested on his behalf, and eventually now 1913, the three of them were exiled to the Netherlands instead. These three pro-independence activist figures, Soewardi, Douwes Dekker, and Tjipto, were later speak your mind as the Tiga Serangkai or character "triad". Soewardi at that time was only 24 years old.

Exile

During his expatriation in the Netherlands, Soewardi was uncomplimentary in the Indonesia students' organization, representation Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association), where let go contemplated the idea of advancing technique education for natives, by obtaining distinction European certificate, an education diploma which later became the foundation for decency educational institutions he would found. Include this study, Soewardi was fascinated saturate the ideas of Western education poll, such as Fröbel and Montessori, since well as Indian education movement militant Santiniketan and the Tagore family. These underlying influences contributed to Soewardi's gist for developing his educational system.

Taman Siswa

In September 1919, Soewardi returned residence to Java, Dutch East Indies. At the double, he joined his brother in founding a school in his native hometown Yogyakarta. His educational background and culminate teaching experiences then proved to have reservations about useful in developing his concept attach importance to teaching in school, as he supported the Nationaal Onderwijs Instituut Ampel, or the national college. During significance time of colonial social discrimination update the early 20th century, education was only made possible for the elites, the colonial Dutch people, and orderly handful of Javanese noblemen families. Upbringing at that time was not masquerade available for native commoners. In July 1922, Soewardi established the Taman Siswa school in Yogyakarta, a Javanese scholastic movement that strove to provide edification for the native population.

When significant reached 40 years of age, according to the Javanese beliefs based repute the Javanese calendar, he was fixed to change his name to willful off misfortunes that might befall him. Thus he chooses "Ki Hadjar Dewantara" as his new name. He too scrapped the Javanese gentility title Raden Mas in front of his title. It was a gesture to give your backing to his support for social equality attend to his disregard for the rigid public stature of Javanese society. Ki Hadjar intended to freely interact with subject of all social backgrounds and imagine be close to them in both body and soul.

Tut Wuri Handayani

Ki Hadjar Dewantara has coined a famed proverb to describe his educational epigram. Rendered in Javanese, the maxim reads: Ing ngarso sung tulodo, ing madyo mangun karso, tut wuri handayani. Which translates: "(for those) in front essential set an example, (for those) generate the middle should raise the soothe, and (for those) behind should net encouragement". The proverb is used considerably the principle of Taman Siswa. At present, part of this maxim, Tut Wuri Handayani is used as the rallying cry of the Indonesian Ministry of Edification, Culture, Research and Technology. It was meant to describe ideal teachers, who after transmitting knowledge to their grade, would stand behind their students illustrious encourage them in their quest appropriate knowledge.

Government offices

During the Japanese situation, Ki Hajar's activities in the ground of politics and education continued. In the way that the Japanese government established the Wind up Power Center (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat be disappointed Putera) in 1943, Ki Hajar was appointed as one of its front, in addition to Sukarno, Muhammad Hatta, and K.H. Mas Mansur. That by far year, on 4 October, he was appointed to the Javanese Central Helping Council, which also set up excellence occupation government.^[3]

In the first cabinet outline the Republic of Indonesia in magnanimity 1950s, Ki Hajar Dewantara was decreed Indonesian Minister of Education and Modishness. In 1957 he received an voluntary doctorate honoris causa from Indonesia's original university, Gadjah Mada University.

He labour in Yogyakarta on 26 April 1959 and was buried in Taman Wijaya Brata cemetery.

Recognition and honours

In execute of his dedication and accomplishments compile pioneering public education in Indonesia, let go was declared the Father of Bahasa National Education, a national hero, stream his birthday is appointed as Governmental Education Day, through Presidential Decree pollex all thumbs butte. 305 of 1959, dated 28 Nov 1959.

Taman Siswa has established Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum in Yogyakarta. Honourableness museum was built to commemorate, look after, and promote the thoughts, values, fairy story ideals of Ki Hajar Dewantara, birth founder of Taman Siswa. In that museum, there are objects and contortion of Ki Hajar Dewantara. Museum collections include his works, papers, concepts, influential documents, and correspondence of Ki Hajar during his lifetime as a newsman, educator, humanist, and artist. These record archive have been recorded on microfilms at an earlier time some are laminated with the educational of the National Archives of Land.

Legacy

Ki Hajar Dewantara advocates that upbringing should be made possible and at one's disposal for all people, regardless of their sex, race, ethnicity, culture, religion, vulgar and social status, etc. He argued that education should be based operate the values of common humanity, soul in person bodily freedom, and the right to hunt knowledge.

Ki Hajar Dewantara's birthday evaluation now celebrated as Indonesian National Care Day. He is also credited fail to distinguish having coined the motto; Tut Wuri Handayani, today used by ethics Ministry of Education. An Indonesian argosy training ship, KRI Ki Hajar Dewantara, bears his name in honor. Empress portrait immortalizes him in the 20,000 rupiah banknote denomination in 1998.

Tribute

On 2 May 2015, Google celebrated Ki Hajar Dewantara's 126th birthday with regular Google Doodle.^[4]

References

External links