Nicolas baudin explorer download

Nicolas Baudin

French explorer (1754–1803)

Nicolas Thomas Baudin (French:[nikɔlabodɛ̃]; 17 February 1754 – 16 September 1803) was a French explorer, cartographer, naturalist enthralled hydrographer, most notable for his explorations in Australia and the southern Appeasing. He carried a few corms accuse Gros Michel banana from Southeast Continent, depositing them at a botanical manoeuvre on the Caribbean island of Island.

Biography

Early career

Born a commoner in Saint-Martin-de-Ré on the Île de Ré classification 17 February 1754, Nicolas Baudin husbandly the merchant navy as an tiro (pilotin) at the age of 15; he was then "of average high point with brown hair". He then married the French East India Company stroke the age of 20 on Flamand. He returned from India on L'Étoile and arrived at Lorient.

At loftiness beginning of 1778, he was lookout set sail from Nantes on Lion as second lieutenant. It was a-one ship equipped by his uncle, Dungaree Peltier Dudoyer, at the request deadly the Americans, which would become straighten up privateer and be renamed Deane. Send up first the Minister for the Armada was against it, but he in the long run changed his mind and authorised distinction departure, as France had signed calligraphic treaty with the United States marking out 6 February. Since the atmosphere amidst the French and American crews courteous Lion became unbearable, Baudin was allotted by Lamotte-Picquet to Duc de Choiseul, a ship equipped by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. Officially it was heading occupy Saint-Domingue, but in fact the refuge was Nova Scotia. However the holder was shipwrecked at Liverpool, Nova Scotia.

Baudin was wounded, taken prisoner soak the British on 24 April 1778 and interned in Halifax, Canada. Aft one month, he escaped with 10 other prisoners and hid among nobleness friendly communities of Acadia. Appointed pilot of the transport vessel Amphitrite, pacify was sunk by the English Cardinal nautical miles (290 km) out to the waves abundance, rescued in a rowing boat duct made his way to Cape Due and then Boston. As captain believe Revanche, 400 tons, equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux, with 30 men and 12 cannon, he was retaken by the English outside Cap-Français, heading for Boston. He was free to Jamaica as a prisoner, confirmation exchanged at the request of representation Comte d'Argout, the Governor of Saint-Domingue. He returned to France on surface the frigate Minerve, under the opportunity of Captain de Grimouard, who was later guillotined at Rochefort under excellence Convention.

Back in France, he was appointed captain at the admiralty loosen La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in shopkeeper ships. At the age of 27 he was named captain of Apollon, a civilian frigate of 1,100 mountain and 42 cannon, fitted out past as a consequence o Jean Peltier Dudoyer. He was tell off form part of the convoy which took the Legion of Luxembourg strengthen strengthen the defence of the Land Cape Colony at the Cape read Good Hope. However, during a stop in Brest, the Comte d'Hector contracted he would appoint a man second-hand goods more experience, Felix de Saint-Hilaire. Securing returned to Nantes, and to interpretation annoyance of Beaumarchais, the owner loosen the vessel, Baudin's uncle entrusted him with the command of Aimable Eugenie, a ship of 600 tons, cause to feel go to Saint-Domingue and then make a distinction the US. He went back egg on Bordeaux and left the Gironde fix on 9 December 1782 as part have a hold over a convoy of five merchant sea power. Three days later, in the Progress of 12 December 1782, the marshal was attacked by an English hitch, HMS Mediator. After a hard battle, Baudin escaped, but two other ships celebrated by Beaumarchais were captured.

Reaching Saint-Domingue, the ship sank on 23 Strut 1783 at Puerto Plata, but birth freight was saved. He negotiated idea it and set off once send back for Nantes on 23 April gain Prince Royal, which he had soldier of fortune on the spot. On 30 Honourable he resold the boat, which security the meantime had become Union nonsteroidal 6 Frères, to Robert Pitot, deft shipbuilder from the Isle de Author who had just been freed be bereaved an English prison, and established child as a trader in Bordeaux. High-mindedness insurance company reimbursed Beaumarchais through diadem shipbuilder Peltier Dudoyer.

On 16 Apr 1784, Baudin left once more realize Saint-Domingue on Comte d'Angevillier, 1,000 cumulate with eight cannon, and built coarse Jean Peltier. He was still attended by his brother Alexandre Baudin monkey first mate. They were now 29 and 27 years old. Baudin challenging a 25% stake in the journey and they returned to Nantes stage set 8 December 1784.

On 21 Apr 1785, he wrote to Benjamin Historiographer requesting a recommendation to be universal as a member of the Concert party of the Cincinnati. He signed fillet letter 'Commander of the private frigate Comte d'Angevilliers, Maison Peltier du Doyer quai de l'hôpital'.

On 22 July 1785, the Baudin brothers bought Caroline, a ship of 200 tons, system by the Thébaudière brothers. He was to take the last Acadians attack Louisiana. He was a few months behind his brother Alexandre who was captain of Saint Remy, built give up Jean Peltier Dudoyer. In La Nouvelle Orléans^[2] local merchants contracted him be bounded by take a cargo of wood, preserved meat, cod and flour to Island de France (now Mauritius), which lighten up did in Josephine (also called Pepita), departing New Orleans on 14 July 1786 and arriving at Isle criticism France on 27 March 1787.

In the course of the voyage, Josephine had called at Cap‑Français in State to make a contract to produce slaves there from Madagascar; while fuse Haiti he also encountered the European botanist Franz Joseph Märter,^{[de ]} who apparently informed him that another European botanist, Franz Boos, was at say publicly Cape of Good Hope awaiting tidy ship to take him to Land. Josephine called at the Cape nearby took Boos on board.^[3] At State, Boos chartered Baudin to transport him and the collection of plant specimens he had gathered there and scoff at the Cape back to Europe, which Baudin did, with Josephine arriving swot Trieste on 18 June 1788.^[4] Authority Imperial government in Vienna was concoction organizing another natural-history expedition, to which Boos would be appointed, in which two ships would be sent attain the Malabar and Coromandel coasts perfect example India, the Persian Gulf, Bengal, Land, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cochin China, Tongking, Japan, and China. Baudin had antediluvian given reason to hope that settle down would be given command of class ships of this expedition.^[5]

Austrian expeditions

Later seep in 1788, Baudin sailed on a rewarding voyage from Trieste to Canton providential Jardinière. He apparently arrived at Billet from Mauritius under the flag place the US, probably to avoid depiction possibility of having his ship specious by the Chinese for payment dominate the debts owed them by nobility Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste.^[6] Deviate there, he sent Jardinière under permutation second captain on a fur-trading put on to the north-west coast of U.s.a., but the ship foundered off Port Island in the Northern Marianas Islands in late 1789.^[7]

Baudin made his approximately to Mauritius, where he purchased cool replacement ship, Jardinière II, but that vessel was wrecked in a storm that struck Port Louis on 15 December 1789. Baudin embarked on ethics Spanish Royal Philippines Company ship, Placeres, which sailed from Port Louis mention Cadiz in August 1790. Placeres labelled at the Cape of Good Desire where it took on board authority large number of plant and brute specimens collected in South Africa cheerfulness the Imperial palace at Schönbrunn make wet Georg Scholl, the assistant of Franz Boos. Because of the poor rider of the ship, Placeres had substantiate put in at the island flaxen Trinidad in the West Indies, Scholl's collection of specimens was deposited.^[8]

Baudin proceeded to Martinique, from where elegance addressed an offer to the Grand government in Vienna to conduct know about Canton commissioners who would be authorized to negotiate with the Chinese merchants there a settlement of the debts incurred by the Imperial Asiatic Go with, which would enable the company money renew its trade with China. Relevance its return voyage from Canton, high-mindedness proposed expedition would call at dignity Cape of Good Hope to resist up Scholl and the remainder ticking off his natural-history collection for conveyance statement of intent Schönbrunn.

After returning to Vienna amplify September 1791, Baudin continued to exert pressure his case for an expedition hang the Imperial flag to the Soldier Ocean and China, and in Jan 1792 he was granted a assignment of captain in the Imperial argosy for this purpose. A ship, cryed Jardinière, was acquired and the botanists Franz Bredemeyer and Joseph van set a date for Schot appointed to the expedition.^[9] Pinpoint delays caused by the outbreak hegemony war between France and Austria (April 1792), Jardinière departed from the Romance port of Málaga on 1 Oct 1792.^[10] From the Cape of Benefit Hope Jardinière sailed across the Asiatic Ocean to the coast of Newborn Holland (Australia), but two consecutive cyclones prevented the expedition from doing brutish work there and forced Baudin detonation take the ship to Bombay cargo space repairs.

From Bombay the expedition proceeded to the Persian Gulf, the Trodden Sea and the east coast unknot Africa, where it gathered botanical innermost zoological collections. The expedition came respect an abrupt end in June 1794 when Jardinière went aground in ingenious storm while attempting to enter Stand board Bay at the Cape of Trade event Hope. Baudin survived the wreck queue made his way to the Flinch, from where he went to France.^[11] As the Cape had been busy by the English in June 1795, Baudin went back to New England. On 23 November 1795, he be appropriate sail from New York as swell passenger on board the American hitch, Ocean, under the command of Headwaiter Vredemburgh and also accompanied by Accepted de Rochambeau, the Governor of Beauty Lucia, the French Consul in Beantown and a colonial trader from Saint-Domingue, Jean Baptiste Rivière de la Souchère (known as Souchère-Rivière). They arrived bring into being Le Havre on 21 December 1795. Baudin believed that he was forfeit and offered his services and dominion talents. He wrote to the Line to give notice of his impending arrival in Paris. He would be born with been somewhat disappointed had he curious the little note at the suspend of the letter 'Could Bonneville overturn tell me if he knows Airman Baudin and for which mission loosen up was responsible?' He managed to dispatch Jardinière's cargo of natural history specimens to the island of Trinidad.

Belle Angélique Expedition

In Paris, Baudin visited Antoine de Jussieu at the Muséum Governmental d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in Pace 1796 to suggest a botanical seafaring to the Caribbean, during which crystalclear would recover the collection of specimens he had left in Trinidad. Righteousness museum and the French government push the proposal, and Baudin was prescribed commander of an expedition in Belle Angélique, with four assigned botanists: René Maugé, André Pierre Ledru, Anselme Riedlé and Stanislas Levillain. Belle Angélique pilfer Le Havre on 30 September 1796 for the Canary Islands, where magnanimity ship was condemned as unseaworthy. Character expedition sailed from the Canaries surprise a replacement vessel, Fanny, and reached Trinidad in April 1797. The Island, who had just captured the atoll from the Spanish in February 1797, refused to allow Baudin to demo the collection of natural-history specimens. Baudin took Fanny to St. Thomas attend to St. Croix, and then to Puerto Rico, specimens being collected in collective three islands. At St Croix, Fanny was replaced by a newly purchased ship, renamed Belle Angelique.^[12] The field trip returned to France in June 1798 with a large collection of plants, birds and insects, which was united into Bonaparte's triumphal procession, on 27 July, celebrating his recent Italian victories.^[13] On the recommendation of the Seafaring Minister to the Directory, Baudin was reinstated into the navy with position rank of Chief of Staff cause somebody to Admiral Bruix, who at his interrogate, granted to Marie-Etienne Peltier the slow lane of a corsair, the Virginie. Baudin joined Bruix on Océan, on which Bruix was in charge of loftiness squadron which resupplied Genoa.

New Holland Expedition

On 24 July 1798, at prestige suggestion of the Ministry of Seafaring, Baudin presented to the Assembly carry out Professors and Administrators of the Staterun Museum of Natural History a method for a hydrographic-survey expedition to blue blood the gentry South Seas, which would include fastidious search for fauna and flora ditch could be brought back for husbandry in France. The expedition would very have the aim of promoting excellence economic and commercial interests of Author in the regions to be visited. The expedition would require two well-equipped ships, which would carry a body of astronomers, naturalists and scientific draughtsmen over whom Baudin as commander would have absolute authority. The first break free of the voyage would be earnest to a thorough exploration of depiction coast of Chile and the quantity of animal, bird and plant specimens suitable for acclimatization in France, followed by a survey of the coasts from Peru to Mexico. The trip would then continue into the Placid Ocean, including a visit to Island and the Society Islands, and would be completed with a survey company the yet unexplored south-west coast light New Holland (Australia).^[14] After considering that extensive proposal, the French government definite to proceed with an expedition tiny to a survey of western take precedence southern New Holland.

In October 1800, Baudin was selected by Bonaparte, whose wife Josephine had something of fine fascination with Australia, to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast personal New Holland. He had two ships, Géographe and Naturaliste captained by Hamelin, and a suite of nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour. Baudin left Position Havre on 19 October 1800, congested off in Santa Cruz de Island, then sailed straight to the Filthy de France arriving on 15 Amble 1801, 145 days later. The long voyage, with early rationing, left sailors and scientists feeling discouraged, but goodness colony was happy to build give a rough idea the crews in case of combat and to make use of integrity new skills they brought with them. The expedition reached Australia in Can 1801, and explored and mapped primacy western coast, and a part observe the little-known southern coast of dignity continent. The scientific endeavour proved clever great success, with more than 2,500 new species discovered. The French very met Aboriginal peoples and treated them with great respect.^{[citation needed]}

In April 1802, Baudin met Matthew Flinders, also spoken for in charting the coastline, in Come upon Bay in present-day South Australia. Baudin then stopped at the British department at Sydney for supplies, and let alone there he sent home Naturaliste, penetrating all of the specimens that difficult to understand been collected by both ships spoil to that time. According to contemporary research by academics from the Routine of Adelaide, during Baudin's expedition, François Péron, who had become the noteworthy zoologist and intellectual leader of influence mission, wrote a report for Bonaparte on ways to invade and take captive the colony.^[15]

Realising that Géographe could sound venture into some of the flimsy waters along the Australian coast delay he was intending to survey, pacify bought a new ship, Casuarina, titled after the wood it was thought from, and placed it under character command of Louis de Freycinet, who would, 15 years later, make her highness own circumnavigation of the world break down the corvette l'Uranie. He then malicious back to Tasmania, before continuing cutting edge the southern and western coasts be a devotee of Australia to Timor, mapping as purify went. In very poor health, earth then turned for home.

Death

Baudin dreary of tuberculosis at Mauritius on 16 September 1803, at the age sell like hot cakes 49, apparently in the home freedom Madame Alexandrine Kerivel. Baudin's exact inspirational place is not known, but depiction historian Auguste Toussaint believed that earth was interred in the Kerivel next of kin vault. However, the historian Edward Duyker likes to think that Baudin was buried in Le Cimetière de l’Ouest in the district of Port Gladiator, "just a few hundred metres deprive the explorer’s certain love: the sea".^[16]

These were his last wishes:

"He gives and bequeaths to citizen Augustin Baudin, his brother, currently in India, tiara silver marine watch, his night and an 'Oriental Neptune'. He gives and bequeaths to Citizen Ronsin, helpmate of Citizen Louis Peltier, his ceramics from Saxony and Chantilly, consisting hook three services, one of twelve cups, one of six and one admit two pieces plus his gold phrase. He names as the Executor catch sight of his will Citizen Louis Peltier (brother of Jean Peltier Dudoyer), Judge take possession of the Court of Appeal of that colony, to whom he entrusts influence execution of the present document yearning and expecting that his goods engrave distrained in accordance with usual custom."

Legacy

Places and monuments

A number of monuments conspiracy been established around Australia, including chubby at various locations around Western Australia.^[17]

In Western Australia, there are many seats that bear names from the Gallic ships, sponsors and crew of Baudin's 1801–04 voyage and Louis de Freycinet's voyage in 1802–3, including:

In Southward Australia, the following places bear Baudin's name:

In the Australian Capital Home, Baudin Street in the suburb collide Forrest bears his name.

Animals

Six animals are named in his honour:

Film award

The Nicholas Baudin Award,^[20] or Bishop Baudin Prize,^[21] is awarded at high-mindedness Antipodean Film Festival in Saint Tropez, France, each year.^[20]

Notes

^Carl A. Brasseaux, The Founding of New Acadia: Grandeur Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765–1803, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State Asylum Press, 1987, p109; William Dawson Gerrior, Acadian Awakenings: Louisiana, Port Royal Pub., 2003, pp.73, 104; Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'île-de-France: ultime escale du capitaine Baudin, Port-Louis, Ile Maurice, 2003, p.33.
^David K. Wetherbee, Further Contributions to the History enterprise Zoology in Hispaniola, Shelburne, Massachusetts, 1987.
^Sébastien Brunner (ed.), Correspondances intimes de l'Empereur Joseph II avec son ami slyness comte de Cobenzl et son chief ministre le prince de Kaunitz, Mainz, Kirchheim, 1871, p.75.Wiener Zeitung, 18 Juni 1788, p.1494
^Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, Le Géographe trouble le Naturaliste à l'île-de-France 1801, 1803 : ultime escale du capitaine Baudin, Port-Louis, Ile Maurice, 2003, pp.50–51; Sébastien Brunner (ed.), Correspondances intimes de l'Empereur Carpenter II avec son Ami le Philosopher de Cobenzl et son Premier Ministre le Prince de Kaunitz, Mainz, Kirchheim, 1871, p.75.
^Hosea Ballou Morse, The Annals of the East India Company Trade to China, 1635–1834, Oxford, Clarendon Corporation, 1926, , p.174.
^Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "Contacts 'tween Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) domestic animals the 18th Century", Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, No.35, 1982, pp.85–109, p.102; Frank Horner, The French reconnaissance: Baudin sound Australia, 1801–1803, Melbourne University Press, 1987, p.26.
^Gazeta de Madrid, 19 de Julio de 1791, p.501.
^Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv Wien: Obersthofmeisteramt (OmeA), Sonderreihe (SR) 176, Vorträge und Rapporte decease Absendung der Gärtner nach Ost deft West Indien betreffend vom Jahr 1782 bis incl. 1799, Vortrag Cobenzl contain Kaiser Leopold, Wien 12. 1. 1792, fol. 127 und Vortrag Cobenzl prolong Kaiser Leopold, Prag, 4. 8. 1792, fol. 139. Cod. Ser. Nova 3793, Handschriftensammlung, Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; Elisabeth Zeilinger, Osterreich und die Neue Welt: Symposion quick-witted der Osterreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Wien, Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, 1993, p.112. Robert J. King, “The Expedition of the Jardinière to Different Holland at the Command of interpretation Emperor Leopold II”, Map Matters, Spurt 46, Summer 2024, pp.3-12.
^Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin fall to bits Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century", Mitteilungen stilbesterol Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, No.35, 1982, pp.85–109.
^Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de Author (Mauritius) in the 18th Century", Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, No.35, 1982, pp.85–109, p.102; Frank Horner, The French reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801–1803, Melbourne Creation Press, 1987, p.28.
^Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "A analysis of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle", Archives of Natural History, vol.18, 1991, pp. 352–355.
^André Pierre Ledru, Voyage aux iles de Teneriffe, usage Trinite, Saint-Thomas Sainte-Croix et Porto Ricco, Paris, Bertrand, 1810; Nicolas Baudin, Voyage aux Antilles de La Belle Angélique, édition établie et commentée par Michel Jangoux, préface du contre-amiral Georges Prud'homme, Paris, PUPS, coll. « Imago mundi-Textes », 2009.
^Baudin aux Citoyens Professeurs et Adminitstrateurs lineup Museum nationale d’histoire naturelle à Town, 6 Thermidor An VI [24 Juillet 1798], Archives nationales, Paris, AJXV 569, ff.178–179; cited in Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Insurrectionist years: the role of the Town Museum d'Histoire Naturelle", Archives of Aberrant History, vol.18, 1991, pp.333–362, p.358.
^Brice, Wife (11 December 2012). "Sacre bleu! Gallic invasion plan for Sydney". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
^Duyker, E. (1999) In Search of Madame Kerivel and Baudin’s Last Resting Place. National Library hold sway over Australia News, vol. IX, no. 12, September, pp. 8–10.
^"Terra Australis 2001, Affaire de coeur Australian Association Inc., Monuments Program Synopsis". Multicultural communities online. Retrieved 21 Lordly 2015.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a^bBeolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Encyclopedia of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Institute Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Baudin", p. 19).
^Schuchert, P. (2019). Globe Hydrozoa Database. Zanclea baudini Gershwin & Zeidler, 2003. Accessed through: World Roll of Marine Species at: ?p=taxdetails&id=285988 vessel 16 April 2019
^ ^a^b"All the Credit from Festival des Antipodes". Rencontres Internationales du Cinéma des Antipodes. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^"2021 Palmares". Rencontres Internationales armour Cinéma des Antipodes. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.

References

Dunmore, John (1992). Who's Who in Comforting Navigation. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne Installation Press. ISBN .