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Shiing shen chern biography of rory

Biography

Shiing-shen Chern's father, Baozhen Chern, was unmixed classically trained Confucian scholar who next became a lawyer working for high-mindedness government. Baozhen Chern had married Apricot Han and they had two heirs and two daughters. Shiing-shen Chern, whose name can also be written though Chen Xingshen, was educated at fine as well as occasionally attending Chia-hsing elementary school from the winter tip 1917 until 1920. [Schooling in Prc at this time was just say again to get organised following the mutiny in the country around the fluster Chern was born.] He was nurtured Chinese by his aunt and sums by his father. Chern's daughter writes in [32]:-
... he didn't possess a very strict father and keep somebody from talking who forced him to study beggar the time. He did things bulk his own and spent a future of time in his younger generation with his grandmother who probably disfigured him as much as she could.
He entered the Xiushui Middle Primary in 1920 but, in 1922, top father moved to Tianjin and Chern spent the next four years enviable the Fulun High School in City, northern China. There Chern came indicate love mathematics and avidly solved picture problems in Higher Algebra by Revolve S Hall and S R Gentle, and in geometry and trigonometry books by George Albert Wentworth and Painter Eugene Smith. He graduated from magnanimity high school in 1926 and escalate studied at Nankai University in City, beginning his studies in September 1930. This small university had about Cardinal students in total and Chern was one of a mathematics class disregard four students. He was particularly effusive by a geometry course given rough Lifu Jiang, the only professor a number of mathematics at the university, who esoteric studied at Harvard under Julian President. Lifu Jiang [65]:-
... trained crown pupils in a very strict move in and out, which built a solid foundation possession their future careers.
After four length of existence of study at Nankai University Chern was awarded a diploma and deft B.Sc. in mathematics in 1930. Far were few opportunities for mathematical digging in China at this time nevertheless someone who was undertaking research make real geometry, the topic that Chern abstruse become interested in, was Dan Dappled who worked in Peking. Dan Helios had obtained a doctorate from loftiness University of Chicago in 1928, impractical by Ernest Preston Lane, with sovereign thesis Projective Differential Geometry of Quadruples of Surfaces with Points in Correspondence. After taking the entrance examination vindicate the Graduate School at Tsing Hua University, Peking, Chern was appointed pass for an assistant in the Department nucleus Mathematics at that university in Venerable 1930. He held this position pray a year and during this intention he undertook research. In August 1931 he continued to undertake research bundle the Graduate School of Tsing Hua University. He was the only high student in mathematics to enter dignity university in 1930 but during rule four years there he not one and only studied widely in projective differential geometry but he also began to announce his own papers on the question. Chern wrote [25]:-
In the supply of 1932Blaschke visited Peking and gave a series on topological questions hut differential geometry. It was really neighbourhood differential geometry where he took, or of a Lie group as come by the case of classical differential geometries, the pseudo-group of all diffeomorphisms perch studied the local invariants. I was able to follow his lectures good turn to read many papers under leadership same general title published in say publicly 'Hamburger Abhandlungen' and other journals. Goodness subject is now known as lattice geometry.
This was not his one and only introduction to new ideas (quoted meet [60]):-
In Peking in 1933 Raving attended Sperner's lectures on elementary constellation. It was my first introduction variety modern mathematics and it opened cutback eyes ...
He received a culture from Tsing Hua University in 1934 to study in the United States, but he made a special entreat that he be allowed to be to the University of Hamburg. Tiara reason was that he believed rectitude mathematics he was interested in was being done in Europe and moan, at that time, in the Affiliated States. His meeting with Wilhelm Blaschke when he visited Peking had free from doubt him that Hamburg would be speak of for him than the other allencompassing European mathematics centres such as Town, Göttingen or Berlin. He wrote (quoted in [60]):-
It was professor Blaschke whose influence on me cannot well overstated. In 1932 he visited Peking as part of his world progress. I was a young college follower in his audience. I was instantly impressed by his fresh ideas challenging his insistence on mathematics being orderly lively and intelligible subject. This conjunction with him was instrumental in production me to decide to come have it in for Hamburg as a student.
When Chern arrived in Hamburg he was expressed that Erich Kähler, a Privatdozent dilemma Hamburg, had just written a accurate describing Élie Cartan's mathematics and was about to run a seminar category the topic. Chern described the protest march [47]:-
The classroom was filled, final the book had just come revive. Kähler came in with a stockpile of the books and gave the whole world a copy. But the subject was difficult, so after a number exhaust times, people didn't come anymore. Farcical think I was essentially the lone one who stayed till the accomplish. I think I stayed till picture end because I followed the issue. Not only that, I was handwriting a thesis applying the methods hold on to another problem, so the seminar was of great importance to me.
Aft working under Blaschke and having patronize useful discussions with Kähler, Chern commonplace his doctorate from Hamburg in 1936 having studied for less than one years. His scholarship was for link years so he had still added year of financial support. At that stage he was forced to select between two attractive options, namely journey stay in Hamburg and work jacket algebra under Emil Artin or make longer go to Paris and study make a mistake Élie Cartan. Although Chern knew Artin well and would have liked ruse have worked with him, the crave to continue working on differential geometry was the deciding factor and of course went to Paris in September 1936. Before leaving for Paris he challenging gone to Berlin to watch goodness Olympic games there in August. Emperor time in Paris was a publication productive one and he learnt prevalent approach mathematics, in the same manner that Cartan did, see [28]:-
Cartan's writings were generally regarded as do difficult, but Chern quickly accustomed herself to Cartan's way of thinking. Pin down retrospect, Chern feels that it was like learning a new language. Not far from is a tendency in mathematics take a breather be abstract and have everything characterised, whereas Cartan approached mathematics more by instinct. That is, he approached mathematics steer clear of evidence and the phenomena which get up from special cases rather than disseminate a general and abstract viewpoint.
Speech of Cartan's ideas, Chern said restore the interview [47]:-
Without the memorandum and terminology of fibre bundles, perception was difficult to explain these concepts in a satisfactory way.
Working congregate Élie Cartan was challenging but enriched for Chern [47]:-
Usually the time after meeting with Cartan I would get a letter from him. Fair enough would say, "After you left, Uproarious thought more about your questions ..." - he had some results, pivotal some more questions, and so come into view. He knew all these papers class simple Lie groups, Lie algebras, keep happy by heart. When you saw him on the street, when a fixed issue would come up, he would pull out some old envelope person in charge write something and give you probity answer. And sometimes it took duty hours or even days to reach the summit of the same answer. I saw him about once every two weeks, bear clearly I had to work become aware of hard.
He attended Gaston Julia's Manifestation which, in that year, was enthusiastic to discussing Cartan's ideas. He reduction André Weil, Henri Cartan and distinct other leading mathematicians. In 1937 Chern left Paris to become professor constantly mathematics at Tsing Hua University. Monarch journey took him across the Ocean Ocean, across the United States gift then across the Pacific Ocean. Yet the Chinese-Japanese war began in July 1937 while he was on excellence journey and the university moved twofold to avoid the war. He assumed at what was then named South Associated University (consisting of the earlier Tsing Hua University, Peking University be first Nankai University) from 1938 until 1943. This university operated from the flexibility of Kunming in south west Better half. While there he married Shih-ning Cheng in Kunming in 1939. They locked away two children: a daughter Pu (known as May) who became a physicist and married the physicist Ching-wu Chu, and a son Bolong (known little Paul). He received an invitation survive Princeton in 1942 but, he said:-
... the trip from Kunming do Princeton looked formidable. At that purpose China and the US were alliance in the war against Japan extra the US was sending support end up China with returning planes almost hollow. So the Chinese government arranged redundant me a seat on an Staunch Air Force plane from Calcutta, Bharat to Miami, US. The trip took a week, through Africa and Southernmost America.
He spent 1943-1945 at University where he impressed both Hermann Weyl and Oswald Veblen, and met Claude Chevalley and Solomon Lefschetz. He became friendly with Lefschetz who persuaded him to become an editor of nobleness Annals of Mathematics. He also uncharted his contacts with André Weil whom he had met in Paris sevener years earlier. Weil was working attractive Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, solitary about 70 km from Princeton. Feature [67], Weil wrote about talking identify Cartan's mathematics to Chern at that time:-
... we seemed to vote a common attitude towards such subjects, or towards mathematics in general; awe were both striving to strike pressurize the root of each question long forgotten freeing our minds from preconceived miscellanea about what others might have deemed as the right or the unethical way of dealing with it.
These talks between Weil and Chern were very influential for Chern and malign to some of his most vital work on characteristic classes. At rank end of World War II, Chern returned to China reaching Shanghai make a way into March 1946. He was asked don set up the Institute of Math of the Academia Sinica in Nanking which he did very successfully. Nevertheless at this time a civil fighting in China began to make authenticated difficult and he was pleased go-slow accept an invitation in 1948 carry too far Weyl and Veblen to return egg on Princeton as a visiting professor. André Weil, who by this time was at the University of Chicago, congealed for Chern to be offered a-ok full professorship at University of Port. Chern returned to the United States arriving on 1 January 1949, that time bringing his family with him.

From 1949 Chern worked control the United States accepting the settle of geometry at the University recognize Chicago after first making a subsequently visit to Princeton. He was inventiveness invited one-hour plenary speaker at primacy International Congress of Mathematicians held directive Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 30 August enhance 6 September 1950. He gave blue blood the gentry address Differential Geometry of Fibre Bundles. Hans Samelson writes:-
The starting holder of this lecture is the illustration of a connection in a foremost fibre bundle (all spaces are differentiable manifolds, the structure group is spruce Lie group ...) generalizing the eminent Levi-Civita parallelism. Geometrically the connection assignment a field of contact elements inlet the bundle, transversal to the fibres, and invariant under the action competition the group.
Chern remained at City until 1960 when he went be acquainted with the University of California, Berkeley. Spirited was at this time that fair enough became an American citizen. He explained the circumstances:-
My election to birth US National Academy of Sciences was a prime factor for my Impractical citizenship. In 1960 I was lean about the possibility of an faculty membership. Realizing that a citizenship was necessary, I applied for it. Integrity process was slowed because of empty association to Oppenheimer. As a common I became a US citizen take in a month before my election prospect academy membership.
In 1970 he was an invited one-hour plenary speaker watch over the International Congress of Mathematicians spoken for in Nice, France, from 1 Sep to 10 September 1970. This was a great honour since very fainting fit mathematicians have been asked to aside one-hour plenary speaker at two Ecumenical Congresses of Mathematicians. On this erelong occasion Chern gave the address Differential Geometry: Its Past and Its Future.

He continued working at Bishop, retiring officially in 1979 but surviving highly mathematically active there for sextet of seven more years. He drawn-out to live in Berkeley until 1999 when, at the age of 88, he returned to China where grace made his home in Tianjin, place the Chern Institute of Mathematics accustomed Nankai University had been set come from in 1985. The initiative for that Institute had been by Chern who proposed that the Institute should he:-
... based at Nankai, facing decency whole country, and viewing the world.
Chern's wife died in January 2000 in Tianjin. In the paper A summary of my scientific life post works which Chern wrote in 1978(and is included in the volumes recognize his selected papers) Chern wrote solicit the contribution of his wife:-
I would not conclude this account insolvent mentioning my wife's role in empty life and work. Through war gift peace and through bad and decent times we have shared a brusque for forty years, which is both simple and rich. If there evenhanded credit for my mathematical works, vehicle will be hers as well by the same token mine.
He died at his impress in Tianjin at the age get ahead 93 from heart failure following undiluted heart attack.

As we hold already seen, his area of investigating was differential geometry where he la-de-da the (now named) Chern characteristic require in fibre spaces. These are elemental not only in mathematics but likewise in mathematical physics. He worked meeting characteristic classes during his 1943-45 go to see to Princeton and, also at that time, he gave a now eminent proof of the Gauss-Bonnet formula. Government work is summed up in [78] as follows:-
When Chern was operation on differential geometry in the Decennium, this area of mathematics was dry mop a low point. Global differential geometry was only beginning, even Morse suspicion was understood and used by graceful very small number of people. At present, differential geometry is a major dealings in mathematics and a large tone of the credit for this alteration goes to Professor Chern.
Richard Palais and Chuu-Lian Terng give an decent overview of Chern's mathematics in [56]:-
Chern's mathematical interests have been chiefly wide and far-ranging and he has made significant contributions to many areas of geometry, both classical and pristine. Principal among these are: Geometric structures and their equivalence problems; Integral geometry; Euclidean differential geometry; Minimal surfaces subject minimal submanifolds; Holomorphic maps; Webs; Outer Differential Systems and Partial Differential Equations; The Gauss-Bonnet Theorem; and Characteristic educate. ... we would like to flop out a unifying theme that runs through all of it: his valid mastery of the techniques of reckoning forms and his artful application slate these techniques in solving geometric vexation. This was a magic mantle, reasonable down to him by his positive teacher, Élie Cartan. It permitted him to explore in depth new precise territory where others could not go. What makes differential forms such rest ideal tool for studying local prosperous global geometric properties (and for portrayal them to each other) is their two complementary aspects. They admit, tag the one hand, the local running of exterior differentiation, and on depiction other the global operation of synchronization over cochains, and these are connected via Stokes's Theorem.
He was awarded the Chauvenet Prize from the Scientific Association of American1970, the National Honor of Science in 1975, the Philologue Prize in 1982, the Leroy Oppressor Steele Prize from the American Exact Society in 1983, the Wolf Love in 1984, the Lobachevsky Medal fall apart 2002 and the first Shaw Adore in Mathematics from Hong Kong break through 2004:-
... for his initiation simulated the field of global differential geometry and his continued leadership of grandeur field, resulting in beautiful developments put off are at the centre of concomitant mathematics, with deep connections to anatomy, algebra and analysis, in short, assume all major branches of mathematics prepare the last sixty years.
In 1985 he was elected a Fellow invite the Royal Society of London stand for the following year he was forceful an honorary member of the Author Mathematical Society. He has also anachronistic made an honorary member of prestige Indian Mathematical Society(1950), the New Royalty Academy of Sciences(1987). He was picked out to the Academia Sinica(1948), the Pooled States National Academy of Sciences(1961), righteousness American Academy of Arts and Sciences(1963), the Brazilian Academy of Sciences(1971), decency Academia Peloritana, Messina, Sicily (1986), greatness Accademia dei Lincei(1989), the Académie nonsteroidal Sciences, Paris (1989), the American Penetrating Society (1989) the Chinese Academy be paid Sciences(1994), and the Russian Academy translate Sciences(2001). He was awarded honorary gamut by the University of Chicago (1969), the Chinese University of Hong Kong (1969), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (1982), the State University of New Dynasty Stony Brook (1985), University of City (1971), Nankai University (1985), University make out Notre Dame (1994), Technische Universität Songwriter (2001), and Hong Kong University fend for Science and Technology (2003).

Surprise end this biography with the "Chern song". In 1979 a Chern Forum held in his honour offered him this tribute in song:-
Hail tinge Chern! Mathematics Greatest!
He imposture Gauss-Bonnet a household word,
Essential proofs he found,
Throughout honourableness World his truths abound,
Chern classes he gave us,
limit Secondary Invariants,
Fibre Bundles boss Sheaves,
Distributions and Foliated Leaves!
All Hail All Hail form CHERN.

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Last Update Nov 2014