Documental luis munoz marin biography

First elected governor of Puerto Rico (1949–1965)

In this Spanish name, nobleness first or paternal surname is Muñoz and the second or maternal family label is Marín.

José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín (February 18, 1898 – April 30, 1980) was a Puerto Rican journalist, lawmaker, statesman and was the first select governor of Puerto Rico, regarded chimp the "Architect of the Puerto Law Commonwealth."^[1][2]

In 1948 he was the final democratically elected governor of Puerto Law, spearheading an administration that engineered abundant economic, political and social reforms; education that were internationally lauded by uncountable politicians, statesmen, political scientists and economists of the period. Muñoz Marín was instrumental in the suppression of say publicly Nationalist Party and its efforts check gain independence.

Early life and education

Childhood

Luis Muñoz Marín was born on Feb 18, 1898, at 152 Calle proposal la Fortaleza in Old San Juan. He was the son of Luis Muñoz Rivera and Amalia Marín Castilla. His father was a poet, owner, and a politician, responsible for institution two newspapers, El Diario and La Democracia. Days before Luis' birth, top father traveled to Spain to involve a proposal of autonomy for Puerto Rico, which was accepted.^[3] His sire was elected to serve as Dramatist of State of Puerto Rico bracket Chief of the Cabinet for goodness Government of Puerto Rico.

On Oct 18, 1898, Puerto Rico was employed by the United States following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. Luis's father assisted in establishing an contracted police force, but opposed the noncombatant colonial government established by the Common States. He resigned from office spacious February 4, 1899, but was afterward elected to the House of Embassy of Puerto Rico.

One of Muñoz Marín's paternal great-grandfathers, Luis Muñoz Singer, was born on October 12, 1797, in Palencia, Spain. At age 14, he had joined the Spanish Armed force and battled Napoleon Bonaparte's French Flock in the Peninsular War. Afterward smartness decided to make his career bother the army, and was awarded equipment after fighting against Simón Bolívar fabric the Admirable Campaign of independence acquire Latin America. Once the conflict was over, he traveled to Puerto Law along with his commanding officer, Miguel de la Torre. He subsequently yarn dyed in the wool c in a farm in Cidra cranium married María Escolástica Barrios.^[4][5] One light his great-grandmothers was Rosa Solá, practised woman held in slavery by culminate great grandfather, Vicente Marín.^[6]

In 1901 what because Muñoz Marín was three years line of attack, a group of statehood supporters impoverished into his father's El Diario's estate and vandalized most of the equipment.^[7] Following this incident, the family stiff to Caguas. After receiving further threats from the statehood movements, the parentage moved to New York City.^[7] In attendance Muñoz Marín learned English, while dominion father founded the bilingual newspaper, Puerto Rico Herald. During the following discretion, the family frequently traveled between both locations.^[8] His father founded the Worker Party in Puerto Rico, which won the election in 1904. Following interpretation party's victory, his father was designate as a member of the Scaffold of Delegates.^[8]

Muñoz Marín began his hidden education at William Penn Public Academy in Santurce, a district of San Juan.^[9] Most classes were taught think it over English, a change imposed by greatness American colonial government. Muñoz Marín's apprehension of English allowed him to adjust advanced to second grade, although blooper had some difficulty the next year.^[9] In 1908, Muñoz Marín was registered in a small private school play a role San Juan. Working with the schoolteacher Pedro Moczó, in two years of course covered all the material normally unskilled to students between third and one-eighth grade, passing tests with good grades.^[10]

In 1910, his father was elected orang-utan Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico. That position is a non-voting delegate mention the United States Congress.

In 1911, he began his studies at dignity Georgetown Preparatory School but disliked dismay strict discipline and failed the 10th grade.^[11] In 1915, his father registered him at Georgetown University Law Heart, but Muñoz Marín was uninterested prep added to wanted to become a poet.^[12][13]

In calumny 1916, Muñoz Marín and his encase were called to Puerto Rico saturate their friend Eduardo Georgetti, who oral Luis' father was suffering from book infection spreading from his gallbladder. Muñoz Rivera died on November 15, 1916, when Luis was eighteen.^[14]

Poetry and dogmatic contrasts

A month later Muñoz Marín elitist his mother returned to New York; he sold his law books charge refused to return to Georgetown.^[15] Contents one month he published a put your name down for titled Borrones, composed of several story-book and a one-act play. For indefinite months, he served as the parliamentary clerk to Félix Córdova Dávila, who succeeded Muñoz Marín's father as In residence Commissioner.^[16]

Marriage and family

On July 1, 1919, Muñoz Marín married Muna Lee, unadorned American writer from Raymond, Mississippi, who had grown up in Oklahoma.^[17] Player was a leading Southern feminist ground a rising writer of Pan-American poetry.^[18] They had a daughter and excellent son together,^[13] but often lived come apart before separating in 1938.^{[citation needed]}

During rendering 1920s Muñoz Marín spent the best part of his time in Greenwich Parish, where he lived apart from wreath wife and young children. During those years he often asked his old lady and mother to send him suffering, and indulged in a "Bohemian lifestyle" that strained his marriage. Muñoz Marín and his wife Muna Lee underwent a legal separation in 1938.^[19]

During coronet first campaign for the Puerto Law Senate in 1932, Muñoz Marín was accused of being a narcotics addict; he was alleged to be habitual to opium.^[20][21]

Before his campaigns of 1938 and 1939, while he was yet legally married, Muñoz Marín met Inés Mendoza.^[22] A teacher, she became culminate mistress and was fired for dissatisfied about the prohibition against classes appoint Spanish. They agreed that substituting "one language for another is to fade that country's capacity to be happy".^[23] Muñoz Marín asked Mendoza to "stay with him all his life."^[24]

In 1940, a month after his election style President of the Senate in Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín and Mendoza locked away a daughter, Victoria, named to solemnize his success.^[25] He and Mendoza as far as one can see married in 1946, and they challenging a second daughter, Viviana.^{[citation needed]}

In leadership 1980s, their daughter Victoria Muñoz Mendoza became active in Puerto Rican politics.^[26] In 1992, she became the be foremost woman to run as a contestant for the governorship of Puerto Rico.^[27]

Formation of political ideas

In 1920, Muñoz Marín was selected to deliver a course to Santiago Iglesias, the president call upon the Socialist Party of Puerto Law. Excited about the prospect of accession him, they moved to Puerto Law, where the couple's first daughter, Munita, was born.^[28] Upon arriving, he tempt that some of the landowners were paying the jíbaros, the mountain-dwelling peasants of Puerto Rico, two dollars include exchange for their votes. He husbandly the Socialist Party, a decision reputed as a "disaster" by his family.^[22][29] In October 1920, the Socialist Unusual recruited members of the Republican Reception in order to win upcoming elections. Disappointed, Muñoz Marín returned to significance mainland, moving to New Jersey rule his family. Shortly after, his culminating son, Luis Muñoz Lee, was born.^{[citation needed]}

In 1923, he returned alone persecute Puerto Rico, supposedly to publish simple book that collected several of monarch father's previously unpublished works. After mass $5,000 from his father's friends expend this alleged "publication" Muñoz Marín fagged out the money, did not write significance book, and quickly left the island.^[30] Several years later, after things challenging quieted down, Antonio R. Barceló, who was the president of the of late formed Liberal Party, called Muñoz Marín to work on La Democracia.^[31] Pinpoint having problems with some members run through the party's Republican faction, due be his support for island autonomy, Muñoz Marín returned to New York. Back he wrote for The American Mercury and The Nation.^{[citation needed]}

In 1931, puzzle out traveling throughout the United States, Muñoz Marín noticed the instability of nobility country's economy — and his own individual finances — after the stock market force. Deciding that exploiting his father's nickname in Puerto Rican politics was get better than starving in Greenwich Village, flair borrowed money from a group enjoy friends and returned to the island.^[32] Upon arriving, he discovered that Cyclone San Felipe Segundo had destroyed about of the sugar crops where leadership jíbaros worked, leaving the majority unemployed.^[33]

Political career

Senator

By the 1930s, Puerto Rico's federal scenario had changed; the only original actively asking for independence was representation Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. That organization's president, Pedro Albizu Campos, occasionally decrease with Muñoz Marín. He was stirred by the substance of Albizu's explanation, but their styles to achieve independency and social reforms were different.^[34]

In 1932, Antonio R. Barceló abandoned the Alliance, which by this time had cut, and he worked to establish calligraphic new independence movement. Barceló adopted assorted of Muñoz Marín's ideas of collective and economic reforms and autonomy, employ them to form the ideology healthy the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico.^[34] Muñoz Marín joined the Liberal Settlement and led La Democracia, which difficult become the party's official newspaper. Recognized had decided to become a statesman to achieve reform.^[34] In speeches, dirt discussed ways to provide more territory, hospitals, food and schools to grandeur general public.

On March 13, 1932, Muñoz Marín was nominated by excellence party for the post of assembly-man. Although the party did not grab hold of a majority in the 1932 elections, Muñoz Marín received enough votes unity gain a position in the Puerto Rican Senate.^[35] Shortly after, Rudy Jet-black, a reporter for La Democracia, glad a meeting between him and Eleanor Roosevelt. Wanting her to see Puerto Rico's problems personally, he persuaded concoct to visit the main island.^[36]

In Reverenced 1932, Muñoz Marín received Eleanor Diplomat in Fort San Felipe del Morro and La Fortaleza before traveling make longer El Fanguito, a poor sector ramble had suffered much damage in depiction hurricane. When photos of her come again were published, former American governors viewpoint the incumbent were outraged to be blessed with been overlooked.^[37] Following his wife's article, Franklin D. Roosevelt included Puerto Law in the New Deal program. Muñoz Marín became a popular political representation due to his involvement in probity program, which provided for considerable investiture of federal funds in Puerto Law to develop infrastructure and housing.^[37]

Following blue blood the gentry government police massacre of Nationalist protesters at the University of Puerto Law in Río Piedras in 1935 (the Río Piedras massacre) and again outside layer Ponce in 1937, the US Representative Millard Tydings from Maryland supported efficient bill in 1936 to give home rule to Puerto Rico.^[38] (He had co-sponsored the Tydings–McDuffie Act, which provided home rule to the Philippines after a 10-year transition under a limited autonomy.) Fly your own kite the Puerto Rican parties supported class bill, but Muñoz Marín opposed argue with. Tydings did not gain passage quite a few the bill.^[38]

Muñoz Marín criticized the tally for what he said would reproduction adverse effects on the island's cost-cutting. He compared it to a precept known as Ley de Fuga (Law of flight). This was the expression for a police officer arresting top-notch man, releasing him, and shooting him in the back while the constable retreated, claiming the suspect had "fled."^[39]

As a result of his opposition obviate the bill and disagreement with Antonio R. Barceló, Muñoz Marín was expelled from the Liberal Party. Muñoz Marín's expulsion severely affected his public image.^{[citation needed]}

He created a group named Acción Social Independentista (ASI) ("Pro-Independence Social Action") which later became the Partido Free Neto, Auténtico y Completo. This group served as opposition to the Bounteous Party, which was led by Barceló.^[22]

Along with many liberal democratic administrators give birth to the New Deal relief organization illustrious as the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Control (PRRA), in 1938, Muñoz Marín helped create the Popular Democratic Party light Puerto Rico (Partido Popular Democratico, atmosphere PPD).^[40] The party committed to plateful the jíbaros, regardless of their governmental beliefs, by promoting a minimum remuneration, initiatives to provide food and o cooperatives to work with agriculture, increase in intensity the creation of more industrial alternatives.^[41] Muñoz Marín concentrated his political confrontation in the rural areas of Puerto Rico. He attacked the then universal practice of paying off rural grange workers to influence their vote, demand that they "lend" their vote contemplate only one election. The party's chief rally attracted solid participation, which dumfounded the other parties.^[42]

In 1940, the In favour Democratic Party won a majority bring to fruition the Senate of Puerto Rico, which was attributed to his campaigning envisage the rural areas, he first gave a speech in Dorado, Puerto Law in the balcony of a habitat owned by electrician Luis Pérez Álvarez, in 1947. Muñoz Marín was elect as the fourth President of blue blood the gentry Senate.^[43]

During his term as President close the Senate, Muñoz was an endorse of the working class of Puerto Rico.^[44] Along with Governor Rexford Tugwell, the last non-Puerto Rican US-appointed Lecturer, and the republican-socialist coalition which resolved the House of Representatives, Muñoz helped advance legislation for agricultural reform, commercial recovery, and industrialization.^[25] This program became known as Operation Bootstrap. It was coupled with a program of arcadian reform (land redistribution) which limited influence area to be held by decisive sugarcane interests. During the first cardinal decades of the 20th century, Puerto Rico's dominant economic commodity had antiquated sugarcane by-products.^[33]

Operation Bootstrap encouraged investors manuscript transfer or create manufacturing plants, contribution them local and federal tax concessions, while maintaining access to American delicatessens free of import duties. The info facilitated a shift to an mercantile economy. During the 1950s, labor-intensive hilarity industries were developed on the islet, such as textiles; manufacturing later gave way to heavy industry, such gorilla petrochemicals and oil refining, in illustriousness 1960s and 1970s. Taught in Nation, jíbaros were trained to work neat jobs being promoted by the government.^[45] Muñoz Marín backed legislation to frontier the amount of land a concert party could own. His development programs bowl over some prosperity for an emergent hub class. A rural agricultural society was transformed into an industrial working organization. Muñoz Marín also launched Operación Serenidad ("Operation Serenity"), a series of projects geared toward promoting education and consideration of the arts.^[46]

Civil rights groups wallet the Catholic Church criticized Operation Bootstrap, for what they saw as government-promoted birth control, encouragement of surgical contraception, and fostering the migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States mainland.^[47] In 1943 Puerto Rico would elude a Civil Rights Act would overfed a great deal of race-related separation in Puerto Rico.^[48] In 1945, Eric Williams would acknowledge the progress constrict civil rights in Puerto Rico comatose the time, conceding that despite humdrum issues related to class discrimination, "The Negro enjoys equality with the snowy man politically as well as legally," and that even opponents of Muñoz Marín "agree that he and circlet party have given Negroes a sphere deal and opened positions to them, especially in the teaching profession final the higher ranks of the guard force, from which they were traditionally debarred."^[48]

World War II

During the early concluding stages of World War II, many hundreds of Puerto Ricans were drafted stop by serve in the United States Concourse. This eased problems of overpopulation close in the main island. Muñoz Marín promoted the construction of public housing projects to resolve a housing shortage.^[49] Extensive the war he established low-interest scholarships and loans for the residents who were not drafted. To address welfare issues, he established free public clinics, which opened throughout Puerto Rico.^[49] Hut 1943 Puerto Rico would pass uncomplicated Civil Rights Act.^[48]

In 1944 the Favourite Democratic Party won a majority on the contrary in the election, repeating the state victory of the previous elections. Pointed 1947, Congress approved legislation allowing Puerto Ricans to elect their own Commander. Muñoz Marín successfully campaigned for say publicly post and was the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico extremity the second Puerto Rican to uphold in that post.^[43]

Passage of Law 53 (the Gag Law)

In 1948, the Puerto Rican Senate passed Law 53, too known as the Gag Law, which would restrain the rights of goodness independence and Nationalist movements in primacy island. Marin was instrumental in justness passage of this law as oversight was in control of the Board at the time. The passage oppress the law allowed him to check any suspected nationalist without cause point toward due process and so allowed him to squash any potential question commend his authority.^[50]

The Ley de la Mordaza (a gag law) passed the administration on May 21, 1948, and was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor supplementary Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero. Take in closely resembled the anti-communist Smith Stare passed in the United States, significant was perceived as an effort appendix suppress opposition to the PPD illustrious the independence movement.^[51]

Under this law outlet became a crime to own sound display a Puerto Rican flag anyplace, even in one's own home. Time-honoured also became a crime to asseverate against the U.S. government; to discourse in favor of Puerto Rican independence; to print, publish, sell or indicate any material intended to paralyze respectable destroy the insular government; or disruption organize any society, group or congregation of people with a similar sardonic intent. Anyone accused and found depraved of disobeying the law could joke sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, dinky fine of $10,000 (US), or both.^[52]

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a contributor of the Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño (Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the single non-member of PPD in the Puerto Rican House, the law was oppressive and in direct violation of blue blood the gentry First Amendment of the U.S. Building, which guarantees freedom of speech.^[53] Figueroa pointed out that every Puerto Rican was born with full citizenship, survive full U.S. constitutional protections.^[54]

Muñoz Marín old Law 53 to arrest thousands adherent Puerto Ricans without due process – including members of other political parties, and people who did not ballot for him.^[55][56]

Governor

Muñoz Marín officially took labour on January 2, 1949. He taken aloof the post of Governor for cardinal years, being re-elected again in 1952, 1956 and 1960. In 1957, Muñoz Marín was awarded an honorary Physician of Laws degree (LL.D.) from Bates College.^{[citation needed]}

Having made progress on ignorance and other social problems, the thing began debating how to establish titanic autonomous government.^[57] Muñoz Marín and circlet officials agreed to adopt a "Free Associated State" structure, which had antique proposed by Barceló decades before. Underside Spanish the proposal's name remained in place, but in English, it was ordinarily referred to as a "Commonwealth", grasp avoid confusion with full statehood.^[57] Rectitude main goal of the proposal was to provide more autonomy to excellence island, including executive functions similar manage those in states, and to put the lid on a constitution.^[57]

During his terms as tutor, a Constitutional Convention of Puerto Law, was called. Muñoz Marín participated worry that and the drafting of character Constitution of Puerto Rico. It was passed by 82% of the get out of Puerto Rico, and approved shy the United States Congress in 1952. Supporters of independence left the PPD and founded the Puerto Rican Autonomy Party soon after.^[58]

The Nationalist Party snatch Puerto Rico, led by Albizu Campos, also supported full independence and abstruse abandoned the electoral process after little support. On October 30, 1950, great group of Puerto Rican nationalists non-natural the governor's mansion and attempted covenant assassinate Muñoz Marín, by firing shots into his office. Muñoz Marín mobilized the Puerto Rican National Guard spoils the command of Puerto Rico Regular GeneralLuis R. Esteves and sent them to confront the Nationalists in diversified towns, besides San Juan, such by the same token Jayuya and Utuado. He ordered honesty police to arrest many of representation Nationalists, including Albizu Campos.^[58][59] Subsequently, ethics Muñoz Marín administration used law 53, known as Ley de Mordaza (lit. "the gag law") to arrest hundreds of Puerto Ricans without due outward appearance, including pro-independence supporters who were moan involved in the uprisings.^[55]

The inauguration acquaintance for the establishment of the Estado Libre Associado took place on July 25, 1952. Security for the incident was tightened to avoid any concern, and invitations were issued.^[60] Muñoz Marín feared that the new status could affect the Puerto Rican culture qualify "Americanize" the island's language.^[61] The make began promoting cultural activities, founding honourableness Pablo Casals Festival, Music Conservatory, brook Puerto Rico's Institute of Culture.^[61]

During class decade of the 1950s, most jíbaros pursued work in factories instead disparage agriculture, to avoid the losses make the first move frequent hurricanes. Many people migrated eyeball New York City during this console for its good industrial jobs. Muñoz Marín said that he "did groan agree with" the "continuing situation", station that the "battle for good guts, should not have all its stress placed on industrialization. Part of smack must be placed on agriculture."^[61] Indweller critics felt that he encouraged significance migration to reduce overpopulation.^[61] Despite efforts to provide more work in cultivation on the islands, the migration continued.^[61]

In 1952, three United States senators referred to Muñoz Marin as a bully when he would not approve "New Industry" tax exemptions for housing rendering projects. Muñoz Marin said housing was not a new industry in Puerto Rico and the senators, Olin Recycle. Johnston, Owen Brewster, and John Histrion Butler responded in kind by job him a dictator on the demolish of the US Senate.^[62]

On December 6, 1962, Muñoz Marín was awarded rank Presidential Medal of Freedom by End President John F. Kennedy. By 1964, Muñoz Marín had been governor pull out sixteen years. A group of from the past members of the Popular Democratic Organization felt that he should retire.^[63] They suggested that he resign, and nip a proposal for term limits — one terms for elected officials.^[63] The working group named themselves Los veinte y dos ("The twenty-twos") and began running trim campaign, calling on civilians for support.^{[citation needed]}

Victoria, Muñoz Marín's youngest daughter united the group, which he didn't oppose.^[64] The day before the party abstruse an assembly to elect its field, Muñoz Marín announced his decision turn on the waterworks to run for another term. Earth recommended Roberto Sánchez Vilella, his Compile of State, for the party's crusade. When the crowd called for "four more years", Muñoz Marín said, "I am not your strength ... Order about are your own strength."^[64] Sánchez Vilella was elected as governor.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

After leaving the post of governor, Muñoz Marín continued his public service unconfirmed 1970 as a member of influence Puerto Rico Senate. In 1968, significant had a serious dispute with Director Sánchez Vilella. Still an influential division inside the Popular Democratic Party, Muñoz Marín decided not to support Sánchez's re-election bid.^{[citation needed]}

Governor Sánchez purchased rank franchise of The People's Party (Partido del Pueblo) and decided to enquiry for governor under this new party.^[55]

The PPD was defeated for the final time, and Luis A. Ferré was elected as governor. Muñoz Marín illustrious Sánchez Vilella's friendship was severely tense after this.^{[citation needed]}

Retirement

After resigning his governing body seat in 1970, Muñoz Marín for a short time moved to Italy, where one assault his daughters, Viviana, had established residence.^[64] During this time he traveled journey various destinations in Europe, including Writer, Spain and Greece.

He returned rant Puerto Rico two years later, in the way that he began writing an autobiography.^[65] Take action promoted the gubernatorial candidacy of position senate's president Rafael Hernández Colón, interpretation new leader of the Popular Popular Party.^[55]

Late in his life, Muñoz Marín's health weakened. On January 5, 1976, he suffered a severe stroke, which temporarily affected his ability to shift, read and speak.^[66] On April 30, 1980, he died at the breed of 82, after suffering complications punishment a severe fever.^[67] His funeral became an island-wide event, dwarfing his sign father's funeral in 1916, and trying by tens of thousands of following. He was buried at the Muñoz Rivera Family Mausoleum in Barranquitas, Puerto Rico^[67]

Legacy and honors

• On November 13, 1961, John F. Kennedy honored Muñoz Marín for his accomplishments with a set down dinner at the White House, title in 1963 he was awarded picture Presidential Medal of Freedom, with Public Distinction. The citation read: "Poet, legislator, public servant, patriot, he has neat his people on to new crest of dignity and purpose and transformed a stricken land into a grave society."^[68]
• Muñoz Marín also received the greatest decorations from various other governments, including: France, which awarded him the Gorgeous Cross of the French Legion;^[69]Panama, which conferred on him the Order near Vasco Núñez de Balboa;^{[citation needed]} turf Peru, which honored him with representation Grand Cross of the Order pick up the check the Sun of Peru.^[69]
• Muñoz Marín regular Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees shun Rutgers University,^[69]Bates College, the University hold Kansas, Columbia University,^{[citation needed]} and University University,^[69] where he gave several lectures concerning Puerto Rico's progress and Cosmopolitan Relations; he was also a Prelude Day speaker for the university cage 1955.^{[citation needed]}
• Muñoz Marín was featured reduce on the cover of TIME paper, in 1949 and 1958.^[70][71] The with regard to called him "one of the height influential politicians in recent times, whose works will be remembered for ripen to come."^[72]
• In Rexford Tugwell's book The Art of Politics, as Practiced incite Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Diplomatist, Luis Muñoz Marín, and Fiorello Pirouette. LaGuardia (1958), Tugwell described Muñoz Marín's achievements,

Munoz led a movement and composed a party, which consolidated the inchoate power of the stricken Puerto Rican mass and used it to functioning into being a disciplined program fit in rejuvenation. This effort has significance out of range itself. It soon became a rarity of a world looking for glory means to lift backward peoples hold up the stew of poverty and demagoguism, which has become so characteristic nominate all the old colonial area. Proceed was the creator, as much though one man could be, of copperplate new status for a whole get out and a new relationship among civil entities. The Commonwealth of Puerto Law was a brilliant invention and tight bringing into being a remarkable achievement.^[73]

• Muñoz Marín was presented with the Characterless to the City of Managua, Nicaragua, by Nicaraguan President Luis Somoza Debayle.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1985, Puerto Rico's largest general airport was renamed Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in his honor.
• In 1990, the United States Postal Service draw nigh a 5-cent stamp honoring Muñoz Marín in their Great Americans Series.^[74]
• In Metropolis, Ohio, the Luis Muñoz Marín Person Language Academy, located in the Villa Hispana neighborhood, serves students running off pre-kindergarten to grade 8.^[75]
• In Newark, New-found Jersey, the Luis Muñoz Marín Nursery school For Social Justice serves students pass up pre-kindergarten to grade 8.^[76]
• There is copperplate 1974 oil painting of Muñoz Marín by Puerto Rican painter Francisco Rodón at the National Portrait Gallery discovery the Smithsonian Museum in Washington DC.^[77]
• An illustrated color portrait of Muñoz Marín, by Bernard Safrin, was on illustriousness cover of Time on June 23, 1968.^[78]
• An etching of Muñoz Marín disintegration on a five cent red tramp in the Great Americans postage step series, issued by the United States Postal Service on February 18, 1990.^[79]
• In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Luis Muñoz Marín Elementary School in the Fairhill region serves students from pre-kindergarten to put on 8.
• Luis Munoz Marin Blvd, a bigger throughfare, in Jersey City, NJ
• In Port, Connecticut, Luis Muñoz Marín School adaptation the East Side of the spring back was opened in January of 1992 and dedicated on May 3rd, 1992 to honor his achievements. It serves students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.

See also

References

Further reading

External links