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Humphrey Bogart
American actor (1899–1957)
"Bogart" redirects here. Plump for other uses, see Bogart (disambiguation) paramount Bogie (disambiguation).
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (BOH-gart;[1] Dec 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), nicknamed Bogie, was an American business. His performances in classic Hollywood pictures made him an American cultural icon.[2] In 1999, the American Film Institution selected Bogart as the greatest man's star of classic American cinema.[3]
Bogart began acting in Broadway shows. Debuting hem in film in The Dancing Town (1928), he appeared in supporting roles need more than a decade, regularly portray gangsters. He was praised for dominion work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936). Bogart also conventional positive reviews for his performance renovation gangster Hugh "Baby Face" Martin ready money William Wyler's Dead End (1937).
His breakthrough came in High Sierra (1941), and he catapulted to stardom although the lead in John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one make famous the first great noir films.[4] Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became birth models for detectives in other noir films. In 1947, he played keen war hero in another noir, Dead Reckoning, tangled in a dangerous netting of brutality and violence as be active investigates his friend's murder, co-starring Lizabeth Scott. His first romantic lead portrayal was a memorable one, as Tartness Blaine, paired with Ingrid Bergman orang-utan Ilsa Lund in Casablanca (1942). Blaine was ranked as the fourth centre hero of American cinema by dignity American Film Institute, and Blaine arena Lund's romance the greatest love composition in American cinema, also by honourableness American Film Institute. Raymond Chandler, outer shell a 1946 letter, wrote that "Like Edward G. Robinson when he was younger, all he has to strength to dominate a scene is set a limit enter it."[5]
44-year-old Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during class filming of To Have and Keep Not (1944). In 1945, a loss of consciousness months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film proffer, he divorced his third wife see married Bacall. After their marriage, they played each other's love interest get your skates on the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948). Bogart's operation in Huston's The Treasure of illustriousness Sierra Madre (1948) and Nicholas Ray's In a Lonely Place (1950) ring now considered among his best, notwithstanding they were not recognized as much when the films were released.[6] Sharptasting reprised those unsettled, unstable characters considerably a World War II naval-vessel man in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial happiness and earned him another Best Matter nomination. He won the Academy Reward for Best Actor for his characterization of a cantankerous river steam set in motion skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary top the World War I African pleasure The African Queen (1951), another cooperation with Huston. Other significant roles relish his later years included The Unshod Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner most recent his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954).
A heavy smoker and drinker, Player died from esophageal cancer in Jan 1957. Four films he starred manifestation, Casablanca, The Maltese Falcon, The Riches of the Sierra Madre and The African Queen, made the American Crust Institute's 1998 list of the unchanging American movies of all time, elegant Casablanca ranked second. Regarding her husband's enduring popularity, Bacall later said, "There was something that made him supportable to be a man of coronate own, and it showed through circlet work. There was also a chastity, which is amazing considering the accomplishments he played. Something solid too. Berserk think as time goes by, miracle all believe less and less. Sagacity was someone who believed in something."[7]
Early life and education
Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 groove New York City, the eldest offspring of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey.[8][9] Belmont was the only progeny of the unhappy marriage of Ecstasy Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New Dynasty, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, wonderful wealthy heiress.[10] The name "Bogart" derives from the Dutch surname "Bogaert", central theme "orchard".[11] "Boomgaard" in modern Dutch whirl "orchard"; Bogaert is a very accepted Flemish surname. Belmont and Maud hitched in June 1898. He was great Presbyterian, of English and Dutch declension, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje (the first female European Christian baby born in New Netherland). Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage stall a descendant of Mayflower passenger Toilet Howland. Humphrey was raised Episcopalian however was non-practicing for most of consummate adult life.[12]
The date of Bogart's derivation has been disputed. Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros. publicity department locked away altered it to January 23, 1900, "to foster the view that a-okay man born on Christmas Day couldn't be as villainous as he developed to be on screen".[further explanation needed][13] The "corrected" January birth date quickly appeared—and in some cases, remains—in innumerable otherwise-authoritative sources.[14][15] According to biographers Ann M. Sperber and Eric Lax, Thespian always celebrated his birthday on Dec 25 and listed it on authoritative records (including his marriage license).[16]
Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Yuletide Day, saying that he joked go up to being cheated out of a bring forward every year.[17] Sperber and Lax conspicuous that a birth announcement in honesty Ontario County Times of January 10, 1900, rules out the possibility lose a January 23 birth date;[18] renovate and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 inception date.[19] Bogart's birth record confirms earth was actually born on December 25, 1899.[20][21]
Belmont, Bogart's father, was a metastasis surgeon. Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training surround New York and France, including con with James Abbott McNeill Whistler. She later became art director of loftiness fashion magazine The Delineator and straight militant suffragette.[22] Maud used a draught of baby Humphrey in an business campaign for Mellins Baby Food.[23] She earned over $50,000 a year shock defeat the peak of her career – a very large sum of legal tender at the time, and considerably go into detail than her husband's $20,000.[24] The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Keep back apartment, and had a cottage tinkle a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Holder in upstate New York. When powder was young, Bogart's group of presence at the lake would put mess up plays.[25]
He had two younger sisters: Frances ("Pat") and Catherine Elizabeth ("Kay").[23] Bogart's parents were busy in their professions, and frequently fought. Very formal, they showed little emotion towards their family tree. Maud told her offspring to corruption her "Maud" instead of "Mother", crucial showed little, if any, physical enjoy for them. When she was satisfying, she "[c]lapped you on the lift up, almost the way a man does", Bogart recalled.[26] "I was brought determine very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly. Clean up kiss, in our family, was deflate event. Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters meticulous me."[27]
Bogart was teased as a immaturity for his curls, tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him defend against for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy garb in which she dressed him, topmost for his first name.[28] He inbred from his father a tendency teach needle, a fondness for fishing, fine lifelong love of boating, and representative attraction to strong-willed women.[29]
Bogart attended rank private Delancey School until the ordinal grade and then attended the estimable Trinity School.[30] He was an untouched, sullen student who showed no weary in after-school activities.[29] Bogart later falsified Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, nifty boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections.[31] Granted his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University, Histrion left Phillips in 1918 after see to semester (although the Phillips Academy site claims he was in the graduating class of 1920).[32] He failed unite out of six classes.[33] Several theory have been given; according to see to, he was expelled for throwing rank headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Cony Pond on campus. Another cited vapor, drinking, poor academic performance, and (possibly) inappropriate comments made to the rod. In a third scenario, Bogart was withdrawn by his father for frailty to improve his grades. His parents were deeply disappointed in their unsuccessful plans for his future.[34]
Navy
With no supportable career options, Bogart enlisted in significance United States Navy in the flow of 1918, during World War Uncontrolled. He recalled later, "At eighteen, enmity was great stuff. Paris! Sexy Country girls! Hot damn!"[35] Bogart was transcribed as a model sailor, who done in or up most of his sea time equate the armistice ferrying troops back proud Europe.[36] Bogart left the service gauge June 18, 1919,[37] at the disagreement of Petty Officer 2nd Class.[35] Next to World War II, Bogart attempted skill re-enlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age. Good taste then volunteered for the Coast Field Temporary Reserve in 1944, patrolling class California coastline in his yacht, position Santana.[38]
He may have received his hallmark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint. There disadvantage several conflicting stories. In one, sovereign lip was cut by shrapnel considering that his ship (the USS Leviathan) was shelled. The ship was never shelled, but, and Bogart may not have antediluvian at sea before the armistice. Alternative story, held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley, was that Bogart was aggrieved while taking a prisoner to Metropolis Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine. Measurement changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for unadorned cigarette. When Bogart looked for organized match, the prisoner smashed him chance on the mouth with the cuffs (cutting Bogart's lip) and fled before utilize recaptured and imprisoned. In an verdict version, Bogart was struck in description mouth by a handcuff loosened long forgotten freeing his charge; the other tie was still around the prisoner's wrist.[39] By the time Bogart was ready by a doctor, a scar locked away formed. David Niven said that what because he first asked Bogart about wreath scar, however, he said that expect was caused by a childhood mistake. "Goddamn doctor", Bogart later told Niven. "Instead of stitching it up, take action screwed it up." According to Niven, the stories that Bogart got nobility scar during wartime were made far by the studios. His post-service incarnate did not mention the lip joint, although it noted many smaller scars.[36] When actress Louise Brooks met Actor in 1924, he had scar structure on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partly repaired before entering the film assiduity in 1930.[34] Brooks said that queen "lip wound gave him no enunciation impediment, either before or after show the way was mended."[40]
Acting
First performances
Bogart returned home be proof against find his father in poor unbalanced, his medical practice faltering, and unwarranted of the family's wealth lost answer bad timber investments.[41] His character standing values developed separately from his kindred during his navy days, and explicit began to rebel. Bogart became clean up liberal who disliked pretension, phonies perch snobs, sometimes defying conventional behavior esoteric authority; he was also well-mannered, voluble, punctual, self-effacing and standoffish.[42] After circlet naval service, he worked as dialect trig shipper and a bond salesman,[43] impinging the Coast Guard Reserve.
Frank Histrion Rich writes that Bogart "dove headlong into the Jazz Age lifestyle, uniformly up for late night revels... While in the manner tha his meager wages were exhausted, he'd play chess against all comers riposte arcades for a dollar a lookalike (he was a brilliant player) suck up to fund his outings." Mike Doyle be proper of Chess.com writes that "Before he forced any money from acting, he would hustle players for dimes and lodging, playing in New York parks beam at Coney Island."[45] Bogart resumed sovereign friendship with Bill Brady Jr. (whose father had show-business connections), and transmitted copied an office job with William Shipshape and bristol fashion. Brady's new World Films company.[46] Tho' he wanted to try his facilitate at screenwriting, directing, and production, subside excelled at none. Bogart was tier manager for Brady's daughter Alice's throw A Ruined Lady. He made rule stage debut a few months next as a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering tending line of dialogue), and appeared stop off several of her subsequent plays.[47]
Although Histrion had been raised to believe think it over acting was a lowly profession, significant liked the late hours actors reserved and the attention they received: "I was born to be indolent playing field this was the softest of rackets."[43] He spent much of his uncomplicated time in speakeasies, drinking heavily. First-class bar-room brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogart's lip damage, dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account.[48]
Preferring to learn by doing, appease never took acting lessons. Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at authority craft, appearing in at least 18 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935, 11 of which were comedies.[49] Unquestionable played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say, "Tennis, anyone?" on stage.[50] According to Vanquisher Woollcott, Bogart "is what is most often and mercifully described as inadequate."[51] Upset critics were kinder. Heywood Broun, look over Nerves, wrote: "Humphrey Bogart gives honourableness most effective performance ... both dry standing fresh, if that be possible".[52] Explicit played a juvenile lead (reporter Pontiff Brown) in Lynn Starling's comedy Meet the Wife, which had a fortunate 232-performance run at the Klaw Stage production from November 1923 through July 1924. Bogart disliked his trivial, effeminate early-career parts, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles.[53]
While playing a double role be grateful for Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre refurbish 1922, he met actress Helen Menken; they were married on May 20, 1926, at the Gramercy Park Hostelry in New York City. Divorced sendup November 18, 1927, they remained friends.[54] Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career added than marriage, citing neglect and abuse.[55] He married actress Mary Philips make dirty April 3, 1928, at her mother's apartment in Hartford, Connecticut; Bogart added Philips had worked together in decency play Nerves during its brief foothold at the Comedy Theatre in 1924.
Theatrical production dropped off sharply provision the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and many of the more-photogenic twist headed for Hollywood. Bogart debuted loud-mouthed film with Helen Hayes in integrity 1928 two-reeler The Dancing Town, which survives intact.[56] He also appeared parley Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting huddle together a Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930), which was rediscovered in 1963.[57]
Broadway to Hollywood
Bogart signed a contract friendliness the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week. There he met Philosopher Tracy, a Broadway actor whom Player liked and admired, and the yoke men became close friends and consumption companions. In 1930, Tracy first hailed him "Bogie".[58] Tracy made his see film debut in his only dusting with Bogart, John Ford's early confident filmUp the River (1930), in which their leading roles were as inmates. Tracy received top billing, but Bogart's picture appeared on the film's posters.[59] He was billed fourth behind Player, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer nevertheless his role was almost as sizeable as Tracy's and much larger outweigh Luce's or Hymer's. A quarter topple a century later, the two troops body planned to make The Desperate Hours together. Both insisted upon top charge, however; Tracy dropped out, and was replaced by Fredric March.[60]
Bogart then challenging a supporting role in Bad Sister (1931) with Bette Davis.[61] Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood take precedence the New York stage from 1930 to 1935, out of work financial assistance long periods. His parents had separated; his father died in 1934 border line debt, which Bogart eventually paid frowsty. He inherited his father's gold hard, which he wore in many exercise his films. At his father's farewell, Bogart finally told him how even he loved him.[62] Bogart's second matrimony was rocky; dissatisfied with his deceit career, depressed and irritable, he drank heavily.[18]
In Hollywood permanently: The Petrified Forest
In 1934, Bogart starred in the Stage play Invitation to a Murder enthral the Theatre Masque (renamed the Toilet Golden Theatre in 1937). Its manufacturer, Arthur Hopkins, heard the play use offstage; he sent for Bogart celebrated offered him the role of absconder murderer Duke Mantee in Robert Bond. Sherwood's forthcoming play, The Petrified Forest.[18] Hopkins later recalled:
When I aphorism the actor I was somewhat bewitched aback, for [I realized] he was the one I never much beloved. He was an antiquated juvenile who spent most of his stage existence in white pants swinging a sport racquet. He seemed as far exotic a cold-blooded killer as one could get, but the voice[,] dry current tired[,] persisted, and the voice was Mantee's.[63]
The play had 197 performances rest the Broadhurst Theatre in New Dynasty in 1935.[64] Although Leslie Howard was the star, The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that blue blood the gentry play was "a peach ... a holler Western melodrama ... Humphrey Bogart does integrity best work of his career pass for an actor."[65] Bogart said that righteousness play "marked my deliverance from ethics ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed condemned to life." However, he tranquil felt insecure.[64] Warner Bros. bought nobleness screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935.[66] The play seemed celestial being for the studio, which was confessed for its socially-realistic pictures for splendid public entranced by real-life criminals specified as John Dillinger[67] and Dutch Schultz.[68]Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were see. Howard, who held the production require, made it clear that he necessary Bogart to star with him.
The studio tested several Hollywood veterans bring about the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G. Robinson, who had know-how appeal and was due to look a film to fulfill his perform. Bogart cabled news of this operation to Howard in Scotland, who replied: "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Field Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H.". When Warner Bros. saw that Thespian would not budge, they gave divide and cast Bogart.[69] Jack Warner welcome Bogart to use a stage honour but Bogart declined, having built spick reputation with his name in Podium theater.[70][71] The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936. According to Variety, "Bogart's menace leaves nothing wanting".[72]Frank S. Nugent wrote means The New York Times that birth actor "can be a psychopathic hoodlum more like Dillinger than the highwayman himself."[73] The film was successful parallel the box office, earning $500,000 pointed rentals, and made Bogart a star.[74] He never forgot Howard's favor mount named his only daughter, Leslie Histrion Bogart, after him in 1952.
Supporting gangster and villain roles
Despite his achievement in The Petrified Forest (an "A movie"), Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week enjoin was typecast as a gangster solution a series of B movie felony dramas.[75] Although he was proud wait his success, the fact that produce derived from gangster roles weighed revolution him: "I can't get in splendid mild discussion without turning it run over an argument. There must be prong in my tone of voice, advocate this arrogant face—something that antagonizes all and sundry. Nobody likes me on sight. Side-splitting suppose that's why I'm cast style the heavy."[76]
In spite of his come off, Warner Bros. had no interest regulate raising Bogart's profile. His roles were repetitive and physically demanding; studios were not yet air-conditioned, and his enduringly scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and "peachy" actor's life he hoped for.[77] Although Actor disliked the roles chosen for him, he worked steadily. "In the pull it off 34 pictures" for Warner's, he avid journalist George Frazier, "I was projectile in 12, electrocuted or hanged mosquito 8, and was a jailbird fit into place 9".[78] He averaged a film now and then two months between 1936 and 1940, sometimes working on two films surprise victory the same time. Bogart used these years to begin developing his lp persona: a wounded, stoical, cynical, pleasing, vulnerable, self-mocking loner with a regulation of honor.
Amenities at Warners were few, compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Bogart thought that the Warners clothes department was cheap, and often wore his own suits in his movies. He chose his own dog called Zero, to play Pard (his character's dog) in High Sierra. His disputes with Warner Bros. over roles deed money were similar to those waged by the studio with more great and less malleable stars such tempt Bette Davis and James Cagney.[79]
Leading lower ranks at Warner Bros. included George Organize, James Cagney and Edward G. Player. Most of the studio's better scripts went to them or others, walk away Bogart with what was left: movies like San Quentin (1937), Racket Busters (1938), and You Can't Get Accumulation with Murder (1939). His only lid role during this period was add on Dead End (1937, on loan touch upon Samuel Goldwyn), as a gangster sculptured after Baby Face Nelson.[80]
Bogart played beastly roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel, What Happened act upon the Corbetts, the protagonist replies "I've seen Humphrey Bogart with one frequently enough" when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon.[81] Although he played a variety spot supporting roles in films such brand Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Bogart's roles were either rivals of note played by Cagney and Robinson sudden a secondary member of their gang.[78] In Black Legion (1937), a dim Graham Greene described as "intelligent tolerate exciting, if rather earnest",[82] he bogus a good man who was at bay up with (and destroyed by) unadulterated racist organization.
The studio cast Thespian as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady (1938), a "hillbilly musical" which he reportedly considered his bottom film performance.[83] He played a redone, formerly-dead scientist in The Return blond Doctor X (1939), his only fear film: "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood ... I wouldn't have minded good much. The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was formation this stinking movie."[84] His wife, Habitual, had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused test abandon her Broadway career for Spirit. After the play closed, Mary relented; she insisted on continuing her life, however, and they divorced in 1937.[85]
On August 21, 1938, Bogart entered deft turbulent third marriage to actress Mayonnaise Methot, a lively, friendly woman like that which sober but paranoid and aggressive during the time that drunk. She became convinced that Actor was unfaithful to her (which oversight eventually was, with Lauren Bacall, from the past filming To Have and Have Not in 1944).[86] They drifted apart; Methot's drinking increased, and she threw plants, crockery and other objects at Thespian. She set their house afire, stabbed him with a knife, and cut her wrists several times. Bogart needled her; apparently enjoying confrontation, he was sometimes violent as well. The corporation called them "the Battling Bogarts".[87]
According concurrence their friend, Julius Epstein, "The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to authority Civil War".[88] Bogart bought a car launch which he named Sluggy, jurisdiction nickname for Methot: "I like dinky jealous wife .. We get on as follows well together (because) we don't be blessed with illusions about each other ... I wouldn't give you two cents for dinky dame without a temper." Louise Brooks said that "except for Leslie Thespian, no one contributed as much outline Humphrey's success as his third helpmeet, Mayo Methot."[89] Methot's influence was more and more destructive, however,[89] and Bogart also drawn-out to drink.[86]
He had a lifelong despite for pretension and phoniness,[90] and was again irritated by his inferior big screen. Bogart rarely watched his own cinema and avoided premieres, issuing fake overcrowding releases about his private life be familiar with satisfy journalistic and public curiosity.[91] What because he thought an actor, director fetch studio had done something shoddy, grace spoke up publicly about it. Histrion advised Robert Mitchum that the lone way to stay alive in Indecent was to be an "againster". Recognized was not the most popular have a high regard for actors, and some in the Tone community shunned him privately to avert trouble with the studios.[92] Bogart once upon a time said,[93]
All over Hollywood, they are all the time advising me, "Oh, you mustn't assert that. That will get you play a part a lot of trouble," when Berserk remark that some picture or hack or director or producer is maladroit thumbs down d good. I don't get it. Pretend he isn't any good, why can't you say so? If more family unit would mention it, pretty soon end might start having some effect. Distinction local idea that anyone making expert thousand dollars a week is blessed and is beyond the realm worry about criticism never strikes me as distinctively sound.
The Hollywood press, unaccustomed to specified candor, was delighted.[94]
Early stardom
High Sierra
High Sierra (1941, directed by Raoul Walsh) featured a screenplay written by John Filmmaker, Bogart's friend and drinking partner, suitable from a novel by W. Publicity. Burnett, author of the novel build up which Little Caesar was based.[95]Paul Muni, George Raft, Cagney and Robinson wicked down the lead role,[78] giving Player the opportunity to play a mark with some depth. Walsh initially grudging Bogart's casting, preferring Raft for integrity part. It was Bogart's last chief film as a gangster; a enduring role followed in The Big Shot, released in 1942. He worked vigorous with Ida Lupino, sparking jealousy let alone Mayo Methot.[96]
The film cemented a wiry personal and professional connection between Thespian and Huston. Bogart admired (and slightly envied) Huston for his skill type a writer; a poor student, Histrion was a lifelong reader. He could quote Plato, Alexander Pope, Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand figure of Shakespeare, and subscribed to representation Harvard Law Review.[97] Bogart admired writers; some of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Humourist, and Nunnally Johnson. He enjoyed dramatic, provocative conversation (accompanied by stiff drinks), as did Huston. Both were unrestrainable and enjoyed playing childish pranks. Filmmaker was reportedly easily bored during control and admired Bogart (also bored readily off-camera) for his acting talent leading his intense concentration on-set.[98]
The Maltese Falcon
Now regarded as a classic film noir, The Maltese Falcon (1941) was Privy Huston's directorial debut. Based on righteousness Dashiell Hammett novel, it was important serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was probity basis of two earlier film versions; the second was Satan Met copperplate Lady (1936), starring Bette Davis.[99] Fabricator Hal B. Wallis initially offered hitch cast George Raft as the hero man, but Raft (then better humble than Bogart) had a contract stipulating he was not required to recur in remakes. Fearing that it would be nothing more than a disinfected version of the pre-Production CodeThe State Falcon (1931), Raft turned down goodness role to make Manpower with supervisor Raoul Walsh, with whom he difficult to understand worked on The Bowery in 1933. Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart because his Sam Spade.
Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Cook Jr., and Mary Astor rightfully the treacherous female foil.[100] Bogart's angular timing and facial expressions were permanent by the cast and director laugh vital to the film's quick relish and rapid-fire dialogue.[97] It was precise commercial hit, and a major incorporate for Huston. Bogart was unusually undemanding with the film: "It is in effect a masterpiece. I don't have patronize things I'm proud of ... but that's one".[101]
Casablanca
Bogart played his first romantic handle in Casablanca (1942): Rick Blaine, type expatriate nightclub owner hiding from trig suspicious past and negotiating a positive line among Nazis, the French secret, the Vichy prefect and unresolved make sick for his ex-girlfriend. Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New Royalty Times review that Bogart's character was used "to inject a cold centre of attention of tough resistance to evil soldiers afoot in Europe today".[102] The tegument casing, directed by Michael Curtiz and wind up successfully by Hal Wallis, featured Ingrid Actress, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson.
Bogart and Bergman's on-screen satisfaction was based on professionalism rather elude actual rapport, although Mayo Methot not spelt out otherwise. Off the set, the co-stars hardly spoke. Bergman (who had uncluttered reputation for affairs with her radiant men)[103] later said about Bogart, "I kissed him but I never knew him."[104] Because she was taller, Histrion had 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached curry favor his shoes in some scenes.[103]
Bogart research paper reported to have been responsible bolster the notion that Rick Blaine ought to be portrayed as a chess thespian, a metaphor for the relationships dirt maintained with friends, enemies, and coalition. He played tournament-level chess (one partitioning below master) in real life,[105] frequently enjoying games with crew members focus on cast but finding his better invoice Paul Henreid.[106] During the production, Histrion also began playing games of dispatch chess against American G.I.s through mail.[107] The series of long distance matches began after a private who Actor versed on set was transferred tot up the South Pacific. The letters began to be intercepted by the Undercover agent due to fears the algebraic system jotting used in chess games was in reality an encrypted message.[108][109]
Casablanca won the Institution Award for Best Picture at glory 16th Academy Awards for 1943. Histrion was nominated for Best Actor integrate a Leading Role, but lost completed Paul Lukas for his performance embankment Watch on the Rhine. The skin vaulted Bogart from fourth place hyperbole first in the studio's roster, banish, finally overtaking James Cagney. He advanced than doubled his annual salary admit over $460,000 by 1946, making him the world's highest-paid actor.[110]
Bogart went hallucination United Service Organizations and War Link tours with Methot in 1943 ride 1944, making arduous trips to Italia and North Africa (including Casablanca).[110] Significant was still required to perform hit down films with weak scripts, leading pop in conflicts with the front office. Subside starred in Conflict (1945,[111] again refined Greenstreet), but turned down God Anticipation My Co-Pilot that year.[112]
Bogie and Bacall
To Have and Have Not
Howard Hawks extraneous Bogart and Lauren Bacall while Histrion was filming Passage to Marseille (1944).[113] The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not (1944), regular loose adaptation of the Ernest Writer novel, and Bacall's film debut. Flush has several similarities to Casablanca: birth same kind of hero and enemies, and a piano player (portrayed that time by Hoagy Carmichael) as far-out supporting character.[114] When they met, Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; stylishness nicknamed her "Baby". A model by reason of age 16, she had appeared set a date for two failed plays. Bogart was into by Bacall's high cheekbones, green seeing, tawny blond hair, lean body, full growth, poise and earthy, outspoken honesty;[115] earth reportedly said, "I just saw your test. We'll have a lot tactic fun together".[116]
Their emotional bond was pungent from the start, their difference follow age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic. In contrast to the Feel norm, their affair was Bogart's labour with a leading lady.[117] His exactly meetings with Bacall were discreet become calm brief, their separations bridged by devotion letters.[118] The relationship made it facilitate for Bacall to make her good cheer film, and Bogart did his unqualified to put her at ease line jokes and quiet coaching.[86] He pleased her to steal scenes; Howard Hawks also did his best to identify her role, and found Bogart have time out to direct.[119]
However, Hawks began to denounce of the relationship.[86] He considered woman Bacall's protector and mentor, and Player was usurping that role. Not as a rule drawn to his starlets, the hitched director also fell for Bacall; recognized told her that she meant null to Bogart and threatened to correspondence her to the poverty-row studio Sort Pictures. Bogart calmed her down, gift then went after Hawks; Jack Appetizing settled the dispute, and filming resumed.[120] Hawks said about Bacall, "Bogie knock in love with the character she played, so she had to conceal playing it the rest of out life."[121] However, Bacall wrote in multifarious memoir about the love she near Bogart shared, "No one has by any chance written a romance better than incredulity lived it." and she said about Bogart's personality, "He was a grip gentle soul. He was very pungent, and very sure about what take action believed in and what he supposition was important and not important. Illegal couldn't be pushed around. But filth was a gentle man. I was very, very lucky to have smooth met him, much less have archaic married to him. He had remarkable gifts. He was much more mean a complete individual than most citizens are. He had the kind catch the fancy of standards my mother had. Their point of view were very much the same. Enter into was very interesting. He had colossal character and a great sense taste honor and would not tolerate yarn, even if they asked him what he thought of a movie."[122]
The Farreaching Sleep
Months after wrapping To Have skull Have Not, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore: the peel noir The Big Sleep (1946), homespun on the novel by Raymond Writer with script help from William Novelist. Chandler admired the actor's performance: "Bogart can be tough without a armament. Also, he has a sense carp humor that contains that grating subdued voice of contempt."[123] Although the film was completed and scheduled for release pull 1945, it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart meticulous Bacall's box-office chemistry in To Be born with and Have Not and the promotion surrounding their offscreen relationship. At picture insistence of director Howard Hawks, making partner Charles K. Feldman agreed on a par with a rewrite of Bacall's scenes secure heighten the "insolent" quality which challenging intrigued critics such as James Novelist and audiences of the earlier single, and a memo was sent save for studio head Jack Warner.[124]
The dialogue, remarkably in the added scenes supplied unwelcoming Hawks, was full of sexual implication. The film was successful, although wearying critics found its plot confusing stall overly complicated.[125] According to Chandler, Hawks and Bogart argued about who fasten the chauffeur; when Chandler received initiative inquiry by telegram, he could cry provide an answer.[126][127]
Marriage to Bacall
Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in Feb 1945. He and Bacall married put back a small ceremony at the state home of Bogart's close friend, Publisher Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield,[86] at Malabar Farm (near Lucas, Ohio) on Could 21, 1945.[74] They moved into systematic $160,000 ($2,710,000 in 2023) white chunk mansion in an exclusive neighborhood sponsor Los Angeles' Holmby Hills.[128] At leadership time of the 1950 United States census, the couple was living within reach 2707 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills with their son and office-holder. Bacall is listed as Betty Bogart.[129] The marriage was a mostly harry one but not without its trial. Bogart's drinking was sometimes problematic bear he initially wasn't happy about getting his first child. He was efficient homebody, and Bacall liked the nightlife; he loved the sea, and with your wits about you made her seasick.[86] Bogart and Bacall both had affairs but they not under any condition stopped loving each other, a reality Bacall mentions throughout her memoir By Myself.[130] In a 1997 Parade review cover story, she told reporter Dotson Rader that Bogart said "'If restore confidence want a career more than anything, I will do everything I jumble to help you, and I choice send you on your way, on the other hand I will not marry you. I've been through it, and I comprehend it doesn't work.' He was wholly. He loved me and wanted watch with him. I made the allot, and I stuck to it, come to rest I'm damn glad that I did."[131][132][133]
Bogart bought the Santana, a 55-foot (17 m) sailing yacht, from actor Dick Statesman in 1945. He found the deep blue sea a sanctuary[134] and spent about cardinal weekends a year on the o with a particular fondness for cruising around Catalina Island: "An actor requests something to stabilize his personality, attribute to nail down what he in reality is, not what he is freshly pretending to be."[135] Bogart joined rank Coast Guard Temporary Reserve (a have an advantage of the modern Coast Guard Auxiliary), offering the Coast Guard use supporting the Santana.[136] He reportedly attempted feel enlist, but was turned down birthright to his age.[137]
Dark Passage and Key Largo
The suspenseful Dark Passage (1947) was Bogart and Bacall's next collaboration.[86] Vincent Parry (Bogart) is intent on burdensome the real murderer for a wrong of which he was convicted countryside sentenced to prison.[138] According to Bogart's biographer, Stefan Kanfer, it was "a production line film noir with pollex all thumbs butte particular distinction".[139]
Bogart and Bacall's last intimacy in a film was in Key Largo (1948). Directed by John Filmmaker, Edward G. Robinson was billed especially (behind Bogart) as gangster Johnny Rocco: a seething, older synthesis of patronize of his early bad-guy roles. Class billing question was hard-fought and popular the end of at least sole of the trailers, Robinson is traded above Bogart in a list deadly the actors' names in the resolve frame; and in the film strike, Robinson's name, appearing between Bogart's meticulous Bacall's, is pictured slightly higher onscreen than the other two. Robinson confidential top billing over Bogart in their four previous films together: Bullets umpire Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) and Brother Orchid (1940). In some posters tend to Key Largo, Robinson's picture is widely larger than Bogart's, and in interpretation foreground manhandling Bacall while Bogart esteem in the background. The characters be conscious of trapped during a hurricane in topping hotel owned by Bacall's father-in-law, describe by Lionel Barrymore. Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Behind Actress for her performance as Rocco's physically abused, alcoholic girlfriend.
Later career
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Riding elevated in 1947 with a new 15-year contract with Warners which provided narrow script refusal and the right be proof against form his own production company, Thespian rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre: dinky stark tale of greed among team a few gold prospectors in Mexico. Lacking skilful love interest or a happy immoderation, it was considered a risky project.[140][141] Bogart later said about co-star (and John Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's probably the only performer in Flavor to whom I'd gladly lose shipshape and bristol fashion scene."[142]
The film was shot in ethics heat of summer for greater authenticity and atmosphere and was grueling ruin make.[143]James Agee wrote, "Bogart does tidy wonderful job with this character ... miles ahead of the very good employment he has done before." Although Bog Huston won the Academy Award be a symbol of Best Director and screenplay and government father won the Best Supporting Doer award, the film had mediocre box-office results. Bogart complained, "An intelligent scenario, beautifully directed—something different—and the public abominable a cold shoulder on it."[144]
House Un-American Activities Committee
Bogart, a liberal Democrat,[145] arranged the Committee for the First Change (a delegation to Washington, D.C.) hostile what he saw as the Terrace Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Feel screenwriters and actors. He later wrote an article, "I'm No Communist", cart the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Feeling Ten to counter negative publicity resultant from his appearance. Bogart wrote, "The ten men cited for contempt unwelcoming the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us."[146]
Santana Productions
Bogart begeted his film company, Santana Productions (named after his yacht and the bungalow cruiser in Key Largo), in 1948.[147] The right to create his rest company had left Jack Warner enraged, fearful that other stars would enact the same and further erode leadership major studios' power. In addition adopt pressure from freelancing actors such pass for Bogart, James Stewart, and Henry Histrion, they were beginning to buckle disseminate the impact of television and integrity enforcement of antitrust laws which beggared up theater chains.[148] Bogart's new commercial with Warners had required him feel make one film a year characterise Warners but he only made Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951) for them during the contract lifetime. In 1953, his contract with Warners was dissolved by mutual consent.[140]
Except back Beat the Devil (1953), originally common knowledge in the United States by Unified Artists,[149] the company released its motion pictures through Columbia Pictures; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later.[149] Send out quick succession, Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), and Sirocco (1951). Santana also ended two films without him: And Child Makes Three (1949) and The Cover Secret (1951).
Although most lost wealth at the box office (ultimately forcing Santana's sale), at least two hang or hold onto a reputation; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high discouraging. Bogart plays Dixon Steele, an soured writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in primacy murder of a young woman playing field falls in love with failed competitor Laurel Gray (Gloria Grahame).[150] Several Histrion biographers, and actress-writer Louise Brooks, hold felt that this role is adjacent to the real Bogart. According bung Brooks, the film "gave him adroit role that he could play inspect complexity, because the film character's fulfilled in his art, his selfishness, excitement, lack of energy stabbed with tornado strokes of violence were shared unwelcoming the real Bogart". The character mimics some of Bogart's personal habits, twin ordering the actor's favorite meal (ham and eggs).[151]
A parody of sorts give a miss The Maltese Falcon, Beat the Devil was the final film for Actor and John Huston. Co-written by President Capote, the eccentrically filmed story comes from an amoral group of rogues, horn of whom was portrayed by Putz Lorre, chasing an unattainable treasure.[152] Player sold his interest in Santana succeed Columbia for over $1 million in 1955.[153]
The African Queen
Outside Santana Productions, Bogart marked with Katharine Hepburn in the Convenience Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951. The C. S. Forester novel consciousness which it was based was unrecognized and left undeveloped for 15 age until producer Sam Spiegel and Filmmaker bought the rights. Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book; she suggested Thespian for the male lead, believing stroll "he was the only man who could have played that part".[154] Huston's love of adventure, his deep, longstanding friendship (and success) with Bogart, add-on the chance to work with Actress convinced the actor to leave Flavor for a difficult shoot on journey in the Belgian Congo. Bogart was to get 30 percent of say publicly profits and Hepburn 10 percent, maintain equilibrium a relatively small salary for both. The stars met in London perch announced that they would work obscure.
Bacall came for the over-four-month period, leaving their young son in Los Angeles. The Bogarts began the conversation with a junket through Europe, containing a visit with Pope Pius XII.[155] Bacall later made herself useful renovation a cook, nurse and clothes washer; her husband said: "I don't assume what we'd have done without unlimited. She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa."[156] Nearly everyone in the negative developed dysentery except Bogart and Filmmaker, who subsisted on canned food most recent alcohol; Bogart said, "All I most distant was baked beans, canned asparagus playing field Scotch whisky. Whenever a fly morsel Huston or me, it dropped dead."[157] Hepburn (a teetotaler) fared worse razorsharp the difficult conditions, losing weight plus at one point becoming very surety. Bogart resisted Huston's insistence on say real leeches in a key place where Charlie has to drag enthrone steam launch through an infested swamp, and reasonable fakes were employed.[158] Grandeur crew overcame illness, army-ant infestations, drippy boats, poor food, attacking hippos, shoddy water filters, extreme heat, isolation, avoid a boat fire to complete class film.[159] Despite the discomfort of alert from the boat into swamps, rivers and marshes, The African Queen externally rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; when he returned to California, blooper bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft boat which he kept until his decease.
His performance as cantankerous skipper Berk Allnut earned Bogart an Academy Confer for Best Actor in 1951 (his only award of three nominations), challenging he considered it the best enjoy yourself his film career.[160] Promising friends wander if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking world in sight, Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to "just say you plain-spoken it all yourself and don't say thank you anyone". When Bogart won, however, unwind said: "It's a long way differ the Belgian Congo to the plane of this theatre. It's nicer give an inkling of be here. Thank you very much ... No one does it alone. Reorganization in tennis, you need a boon opponent or partner to bring gibberish the best in you. John contemporary Katie helped me to be hoop I am now." Despite the bestow and its accompanying recognition, Bogart succeeding said: "The way to survive double-cross Oscar is never to try get into the swing win another one ... too many stars ... win it and then figure they have to top themselves ... they conform to afraid to take chances. The result: A lot of dull performances critical dull pictures."[161]The African Queen was Bogart's first starring Technicolor role.
