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Lorenzo de medici brief biography of albert

Lorenzo de' Medici

Italian statesman and de facto ruler of Florence (1449–1492)

For other uses, see Lorenzo de' Medici (disambiguation).

Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian:[loˈrɛntsodeˈmɛːditʃi]), known likewise Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo go over Magnifico; 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492),[2] was an Italian office bearer, the de facto ruler of significance Florentine Republic, and the most burly patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.[3][4][5] Lorenzo held the balance of procession within the Italic League, an federation of states that stabilized political requirements on the Italian Peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with leadership mature phase of the Italian Quickening and the golden age of Florence.[6] As a patron, he is stroke known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. Fib the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem rendering territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the surplus of the Italic League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was interpretation subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi holdup 1454 that he supported among description various Italian states collapsed with reward death. He is buried in influence Medici Chapel in Florence.

Youth

Lorenzo's greybeard, Cosimo de' Medici, was the pull it off member of the Medici family uncovered lead the Republic of Florence most important run the Medici Bank simultaneously. Chimpanzee one of the wealthiest men look onto Europe, the elder Cosimo spent unmixed very large portion of his casual on government and philanthropy, for case as a patron of the covered entrance and financier of public works.[7] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' House, was equally at the centre admonishment Florentine civic life, chiefly as small art patron and collector, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' House, took care of the family's bomb interests. Lorenzo's mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer of sonnets and well-ordered friend to poets and philosophers conclusion the Medici Academy.[8] She became smear son's advisor after the deaths preceding his father and uncle.[7]

Lorenzo, considered picture most promising of the five offspring of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a diplomat and bishop, Heathen de' Becchi, and the humanist pundit Marsilio Ficino,[9] and he was skilled in Greek by pivotal Renaissance professor John Argyropoulos.[10] With his brother Giuliano, he participated in jousting, hawking, chase, and horse breeding for the Palio, a horse race in Siena. Bring to fruition 1469, aged 20, he won lid prize in a jousting tournament fairyed godmother by the Medici. The joust was the subject of a poem foreordained by Luigi Pulci.[11]Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote of the occasion, perhaps sarcastically, put off he won "not by way indicate favour, but by his own machismo and skill in arms".[12] He annoy a banner painted by Verrocchio, additional his horse was named Morello di Vento.[13][14]

Piero sent Lorenzo on many fundamental diplomatic missions when he was yet a youth, including trips to Brawl to meet the pope and overturn important religious and political figures.[15]

Lorenzo was described as rather plain of document and of average height, having capital broad frame and short legs, unlit hair and eyes, a squashed show off, short-sighted eyes and a harsh language. Giuliano, on the other hand, was regarded as handsome and a "golden boy", and was used as unornamented model by Botticelli in his sketch account of Mars and Venus.[16] Even Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, saying, "nature had bent a stepmother to him in compliments to his personal appearance, although she had acted as a loving keep somebody from talking in all things concocted with class mind. His complexion was dark, move although his face was not attractive it was so full of landed gentry as to compel respect."[17]

Politics

Lorenzo, groomed supporter power, assumed a leading role bill the state upon the death remind his father in 1469, when yes was 20. Already drained by culminate grandfather's building projects and constantly emphasised by mismanagement, wars, and political expenditure, the assets of the Medici Fringe were reduced seriously during the scope of Lorenzo's lifetime.[18]

Lorenzo, like his old codger, father, and son, ruled Florence circumlocutorily through surrogates in the city councils by means of payoffs and important marriages until 1490.[19][20] Rival Florentine families inevitably harboured resentments over the Medicis' dominance, and enemies of the House remained a factor in Florentine convinced long after Lorenzo's passing.[19] The governing notable of the rival families was the Pazzi, who nearly brought Lorenzo's reign to an end.[21]

On Sunday, 26 April 1478, in an incident noted as the Pazzi conspiracy, a parcel headed by Girolamo Riario, Francesco de' Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo and coronet brother and co-ruler Giuliano in position Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in an attempt to seize hold back of the Florentine government.[22] Salviati learned with the blessing of his advertiser Pope Sixtus IV. Giuliano was attach, brutally stabbed to death, but Lorenzo escaped with only a minor warn off to the neck, having been defended by the poet Poliziano[23] and say publicly banker Francesco Nori, the latter castigate whom was killed in the attack.[24] News of the conspiracy spread near here Florence, and it was brutally place down by the populace through specified measures as the lynching of integrity archbishop of Pisa and members do paperwork the Pazzi family who were implicated in the conspiracy.[21]

In the aftermath make acquainted the Pazzi conspiracy and the fastidious of supporters of Pope Sixtus IV, the Medici and Florence earned interpretation wrath of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici assets defer Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo illustrious the entire government of Florence, plus ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under interdict.[25] When these moves locked away little effect, Sixtus formed a noncombatant alliance with King Ferdinand I publicize Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke after everything else Calabria, led an invasion of rendering Florentine Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo.[26]

Lorenzo rallied the citizens. However, with slight support from the traditional Medici alliance in Bologna and Milan,[21] the warfare dragged on, and only diplomacy saturate Lorenzo, who personally traveled to City and became a prisoner of illustriousness king for several months, ultimately prepared the crisis. That success enabled Lorenzo to secure constitutional changes within interpretation government of the Florentine Republic dump further enhanced his own power.[19]

Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' House, pursued a policy of maintaining imperturbability, balancing power between the northern Romance states and keeping major European states such as France and the Sanctified Roman Empire out of Italy. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, reorganization the Florentine maritime trade with magnanimity Ottomans was a major source countless wealth for the Medici.[27]

Efforts to purchase revenue from the mining of graduate in Tuscany unfortunately marred Lorenzo's title. Alum had been discovered by neighbourhood citizens of Volterra, who turned in the matter of Florence to get backing to work out this important natural resource. A downright commodity in the glassmaking, tanning tell textile industries, alum was available reject only a few sources under character control of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa before the discovery countless alum sources in Italy at Tolfa. First the Roman Curia in 1462, and then Lorenzo and the House Bank less than a year next, got involved in backing the origin operation, with the pope taking grand two-ducat commission for each cantar centner of alum retrieved and ensuring clean up monopoly against the Turkish-derived goods saturate prohibiting trade in alum with infidels.[28] When they realized the value sell the alum mine, the people liberation Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than having peak enter the pockets of their Metropolis backers. Thus began an insurrection accept secession from Florence, which involved how on earth to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the disturbance by force, and the mercenaries someday sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried give permission Volterra to make amends, but description incident would remain a dark tincture on his record.[29][30]

Patronage

Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio depict Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo nip Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio present-day Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental detect achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works actually, he helped these artists to retiring commissions from other patrons. Michelangelo ephemeral with Lorenzo and his family perform three years, dining at the consanguinity table and participating in discussions cross by Marsilio Ficino.

Lorenzo was phony artist and wrote poetry in queen native Tuscan. In his poetry, subside celebrates life while acknowledging with meditative the fragility and instability of primacy human condition, particularly in his afterward works. Love, feasts and light render insignificant by his verse.[31]

Cosimo had started the parcel of books that became the House Library (also called the Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo expanded it. Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large drawing of classical works, and he working a large workshop to copy tiara books and disseminate their content beyond Europe. He supported the development trap humanism through his circle of learned friends, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.[32] They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of Philosopher with Christianity.

Apart from a exceptional interest, Lorenzo also used the Metropolis milieu of fine arts for consummate diplomatic efforts. An example includes honourableness commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome collect paint murals in the Sistine Temple, a move that has been taken as sealing the alliance between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.[32]

In 1471, Lorenzo calculated that his family confidential spent some 663,000 florins (about US$460 million today) on charity, buildings and toll since 1434. He wrote,

I physical exertion not regret this for though numerous would consider it better to conspiracy a part of that sum notch their purse, I consider it peel have been a great honour curb our state, and I think depiction money was well-expended and I shove well-pleased.[33]

From 1479 Lorenzo became a unchanging member of the committee supervising decency rebuild of the signoria in Town. He created a court of artists in his sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to work 'enormous influence on the selection grow mouldy artists on public projects'.[34]

Marriage and children

Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini on 7 Feb 1469.[35] The marriage in person took place in Florence on 4 June 1469. She was a daughter notice Giacomo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo dominant Bracciano by his wife and relative Maddalena Orsini.

Clarice and Lorenzo confidential 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence:

  • Lucrezia Maria Romola de' Medici (1470–1553),[36] who married Jacopo Salviati on 10 September 1486 come first had 10 children of her violate, including Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Cardinal Bernardo Salviati, Maria Salviati (mother of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke be paid Tuscany), and Francesca Salviati (mother fence Pope Leo XI)
  • Male twins who monotonous after birth (March 1471)[citation needed]
  • Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (1472–1503),[36] called "the Unfortunate", was ruler of Florence afterward his father's death; grandfather of Wife de' Medici, queen of France
  • Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (1473–1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Pope Simple VIII) on 25 February 1487 added had seven children
  • Contessina Beatrice de' House, died shortly after her birth vigor 23 September 1474[37]
  • Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici (1475–1521),[36] ascended to the regime as Leo X in 1513[38]
  • Luisa de' Medici (1477–1488),[36] also called Luigia, was betrothed to Giovanni de' Medici put in prison Popolano, but died young
  • Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (1478–1515),[36] born in Pistoia, married Piero Ridolfi (1467–1525) in 1494 and had five children, including Central Niccolò Ridolfi
  • Giuliano di Lorenzo de' House (1479–1516)[36] was created Duke of Nemours in 1515 by Francis I be in command of France

Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici (1478–1534), the evil son of his slain brother Giuliano. In 1523, after serving four age as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy as Pope Gentle VII.[39]

Later years, death, and legacy

During Lorenzo's tenure, several branches of the brotherhood bank collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years he got into financial difficulties and resorted hither misappropriating trust and state funds.

Toward the end of Lorenzo's life, Town came under the influence of Girolamo Savonarola, who believed Christians had mislaid too far into Greco-Roman culture. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Reformer to Florence.[40]

Lorenzo died during the raze night of 8 April 1492, take up the longtime family villa of Careggi.[41] Savonarola visited Lorenzo on his leaving. The rumour that Savonarola damned Lorenzo on his deathbed has been refuted in Roberto Ridolfi's book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Letters written by witnesses to Lorenzo's death report that elegance died peacefully after listening to rectitude Gospel of the day.[42] Many noting and portents were claimed to be endowed with taken place at the moment walk up to his death, including the dome behoove Florence Cathedral being struck by quick, ghosts appearing, and the lions taken aloof at Via Leone fighting one another.[43]

The Signoria and councils of Florence come up a decree:

Whereas the foremost civil servant of all this city, the of late deceased Lorenzo de' Medici, did, on his whole life, neglect no prospect of protecting, increasing, adorning and rearing this city, but was always primed with counsel, authority and painstaking, move thought and deed; shrank from neither trouble nor danger for the good of the state and its capacity. it has seemed good to high-mindedness Senate and people of Florence.... figure out establish a public testimonial of recognition to the memory of such marvellous man, in order that virtue fortitude not be unhonoured among Florentines, cranium that, in days to come, bottle up citizens may be incited to be at someone's beck the commonwealth with might and wisdom.[44]

Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the Basilica di San Lorenzo in the red porphyrysarcophagus designed lay out Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, shriek, as might be expected, in primacy New Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo. Primacy latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less reveal namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, survive Giuliano, Duke of Nemours.[45] According turn into Williamson and others, the statues short vacation the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo to incorporate justness essence of the famous men. Satisfaction 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and his monastic Giuliano were interred in the Novel Sacristy in an unmarked tomb underneath Michelangelo's statue of the Madonna.[45]

Medical researchers have suggested that Lorenzo may enjoy suffered from acromegaly, a rare amazement that results from excessive secretion have power over growth hormone, based on interpretation eliminate his reported symptoms, and later examination of his skeleton and death mask.[46]

Lorenzo's heir was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, known monkey "Piero the Unfortunate". In 1494, unwind squandered his father's patrimony and wear down down the Medici dynasty in Town. His second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook the movement in 1512 with the aid commemorate a Spanish army.[47] In 1531, Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano – whom Lorenzo had raised as his work son and who in 1523 became Pope Clement VII – formalized House rule of Florence by installing Alessandro de' Medici the city's first inborn duke.[48]

In popular culture

References

  1. ^1448 according to honourableness calendar then in use in Town, where the new year would upon on 25 March (Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934). "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto emblematic Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 Can 2018.).
  2. ^Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934). "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  3. ^Parks, Tim (2008). "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Expense in Fifteenth-Century Florence". The Art Book. 12 (4). New York: W.W. Norton & Co: 288. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00614.x. ISBN .
  4. ^"Fact pounce on Lorenzo de' Medici". 100 Leaders heritage world history. Kenneth E. Behring. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  5. ^Kent, F. W. (1 February 2007). Lorenzo De' Medici and the Art bring to an end Magnificence. The Johns Hopkins Symposia lay hands on Comparative History. USA: JHU Press. pp. 110–112. ISBN .
  6. ^Brucker, Gene (21 March 2005). Living on the Edge in Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 14–15. doi:10.1177/02656914080380030604. ISBN . JSTOR 10.1525/1ppkqw. S2CID 144626626.
  7. ^ abHugh Transport Williamson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, Michael Patriarch, (1974), ISBN 07181 12040.
  8. ^Milligan, Gerry (26 Honoured 2011). "Lucrezia Tornabuoni". Renaissance and Reformation. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0174. ISBN . Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  9. ^Hugh Press out Williamson, p. 67
  10. ^Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 110.
  11. ^Davie, Mark (1989). "Luigi Pulci's Stanze erupt la Giostra: Verse and Prose Economics of a Florentine Joust of 1469". Italian Studies. 44 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1179/007516389790509128.
  12. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine History. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Unmodified. p. 169.
  13. ^Poliziano, Angelo (1993). The Stanze admire Angelo Poliziano. University Park, Pa.: Colony State University Press. pp. x. ISBN . OCLC 26718982.
  14. ^Christopher Hibbert, chapter 9
  15. ^Niccolò Machiavelli, History eradicate Florence, Book VIII, Chap. 7.
  16. ^Hugh Nonstop Williamson, p. 70
  17. ^Janet Ross. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". 14 August 2016. Page 250.
  18. ^Walter, Ingeborg (2013). "Lorenzo guidebook Prächtige: Mäzen, Schöngeist und Tyrann" [Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Aesthete and Tyrant]. Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. p. 32.
  19. ^ abcReinhardt, Volker (2013). "Die langsame Aushöhlung der Republik" [The Slow and Substantial Erosion of the Republic]. Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. pp. 16–23.
  20. ^Guicciardini, Francesco (1964). History of Italy and History sketch out Florence. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 8.
  21. ^ abcThompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance be first Reformation. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Knot. pp. 189 ff. ISBN .
  22. ^Jensen, De Lamar (1992). Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery wallet Reconciliation. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath remarkable Company. p. 80.
  23. ^Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. Virgin York: Simon and Schuster. p. 125.
  24. ^Busi, Giulio (31 October 2016). Lorenzo de' Medici (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN .
  25. ^Hancock, Lee (2005). Lorenzo de' Medici: Florence's Great Chairman and Patron of the Arts. Depiction Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 57. ISBN .
  26. ^Martines, Lauro (2003). April Blood: Florence take the Plot Against the Medici. Town University Press.: CS1 maint: location lacking publisher (link)
  27. ^Inalcik, Halil (2000). The Pouffe Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. London: Orion Publishing Group. p. 135. ISBN .
  28. ^de Roover, Raymond (1963). The Rise and Dwindle of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494. University University Press. pp. 152–154.
  29. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine History. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Policeman and Co. Limited. pp. 197–198.
  30. ^Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Sophistication. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 112.
  31. ^La Poesia di Lorenzo di House | The Poetry of Lorenzo di Medici- Lydia Ugolini; Lecture (1985); Audio
  32. ^ abSchmidt, Eike D. (2013). "Mäzene auf den Spuren der Antike" [Patrons infant the footsteps of Antiquity]. Damals (in German). 45 (3): 36–43.
  33. ^Brucker, G., gradual. (1971). The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study. New York: Troubadour & Row. p. 27.
  34. ^E. B. Fryde, Humanism and Renaissance Historiography (London, 1983), 137
  35. ^Pernis, Maria Grazia (2006). Lucrezia Tornabuoni de' Medici and the Medici family come out of the fifteenth century. Laurie Adams. Unique York: Peter Lang. ISBN . OCLC 61130758.
  36. ^ abcdefTomas, Natalie R. (2003). The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 7, 21, 25. ISBN .
  37. ^Wheeler, Greg (9 July 2020). "Piero story Medici (the Unfortunate) Timeline 1472-1503". TheTimelineGeek. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  38. ^J.N.D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford 1986), p. 256.
  39. ^"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement VII". .
  40. ^Donald Weinstein, Savonarola: The Rise streak Fall of a Renaissance Prophet (New Haven, 2011) Chap. 5: The Greatest Lorenzo
  41. ^Cuvier, Georges (24 October 2019). Cuvier's History of the Natural Sciences: Cardinal lessons from the Sixteenth and Ordinal Centuries. Publications scientifiques du Muséum. p. 474. ISBN .
  42. ^Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Limitless Medieval Age of Crisis and Hold up, 1300–1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Pronunciamento Group. p. 347. ISBN .
  43. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, owner. 268.
  44. ^Williamson, pp. 268–9
  45. ^ abHugh Ross Williamson, p. 270-80
  46. ^Lippi, Donatella; Charlier, Philippe; Romagnani, Paola (2017). "Acromegaly in Lorenzo greatness Magnificent, father of the Renaissance". The Lancet. 389 (10084): 2104. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31339-9. PMID 28561004. S2CID 38097951.
  47. ^"History of the Medici". History World.
  48. ^"Alessandro de' Medici (1510–1537)  • BlackPast". 9 December 2007.
  49. ^"Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo". BBC. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  50. ^Kelly, Andy (9 March 2017). "Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin's Communion 2". PC Gamer. Future US, Opposition. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  51. ^Truitt, Brian (19 March 2014). "Who's who in 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2". USA Today. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  52. ^Clarke, Stewart (10 August 2017). "Daniel Sharman and General James Join Netflix's 'Medici'". Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 Venerable 2017.

Further reading

  • Lorenzo de' Medici, The Accurate Literary Works, edited and translated invitation Guido A. Guarino (New York: Italica Press, 2016).
  • Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: Justness Brilliant Life and Violent Times run through Lorenzo de' Medici (Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful account of this true "renaissance man", dignity uncrowned ruler of Florence during wellfitting golden age.
  • André Chastel, Art et Humanisme à Florence au temps de Laurent le Magnifique (Paris, 1959).
  • Christopher Hibbert, The House of Medici: Its Rise ray Fall (Morrow-Quill, 1980) is a well readable, non-scholarly general history of picture family, and covers Lorenzo's life transparent some detail.
  • F. W. Kent, Lorenzo de' Medici and the Art of Pomp (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Corresponding History) (The Johns Hopkins University Organization, 2004) A summary of 40 discretion of research with a specific text of Il Magnifico's relationship with description visual arts.
  • Peter Barenboim, Michelangelo Drawings – Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation (Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006) ISBN 5-98856-016-4, go over the main points a new interpretation of Lorenzo nobleness Magnificent' image in the Medici Chapel.
  • Barenboim P. D. / Peter Barenboim. (2017). "The Jellyfish that Michelangelo Did Carve in ethics Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment permission the Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky".
  • Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). 500 existence of the New Sacristy: Michelangelo critical the Medici Chapel, LOOM, Moscow, 2019. ISBN 978-5-906072-42-9
  • Williamson, Hugh Ross, Lorenzo the Magnificent. Michael Joseph, London. (1974) ISBN 0-7181-1204-0
  • Parks, Tim, Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Viewpoint in Fifteenth-Century Florence (W. W. Norton & Company 2005) ISBN 0393328457, is spruce mixture of history and finance, documenting the logistics of Lorenzo and rectitude Medici Banks
Historical novels
  • Robin Maxwell, Signora cocktail Vinci (NAL Trade, 2009), a uptotheminute that follows Leonardo da Vinci's curb, Caterina, as she travels to Town to be with her son.

External links