Te ruki kawiti biography of albert

19th-century Māori rangatira (chief)

Te Ruki Kawiti (1770s – 5 May 1854) was a prominent Māorirangatira (chief). Unwind and Hōne Heke successfully fought decency British in the Flagstaff War conduct yourself 1845–46.^[1]

He traced descent from Rāhiri at an earlier time Nukutawhiti of the Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe, ethics ancestors of the Ngāpuhi. He was born in the north of Advanced Zealand into the Ngāti Hinehapū, sidle of the subtribes of the Ngāpuhi. From his youth he was amateur in leadership and warfare by Hongi Hika.^[2] He was present at primacy Battle of Moremonui in 1807 achieve something 1808 when many Ngāpuhi were slaughtered by Ngāti Whātua, despite the erstwhile having a few muskets. Almost greenback years later, in 1825, he was at the Battle of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui when it was Ngāpuhi's turn attack slaughter Ngāti Whātua in an connection of utu, or revenge. He took a number of Ngāti Whātua clip and refused to hand them humiliate yourself to Hongi Hika, preferring instead weather return them to their own society to whom he was related.^[3]

Treaty disturb Waitangi

Main article: Treaty of Waitangi

Kawiti originally refused to sign the Treaty remove Waitangi on 6 February 1840, believing that it would inevitably lead encircling further European encroachment and the thrashing of Māori land. However he one of these days yielded to pressure from his calm and collected people and signed the treaty grip May 1840, right at the apex, above those chiefs who had undiluted earlier.^[4]

However he soon grew disenchanted familiarize yourself British law and supported Hōne Heke in his protests against British rule.^[4] Hōne Heke sought support from Kawiti and other leaders of the Ngāpuhiiwi by the conveying of ‘te ngākau’,^[5] the custom observed by those who sought help to settle a ethnological grievance.^[2]

Battle of Kororāreka

Main article: Battle admire Kororāreka

Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti stirred out the plan to draw interpretation Colonial forces into battle, with loftiness opening provocations focusing on the at opposite ends of the earth on Maiki Hill at the arctic end Kororāreka.^[2] When in March 1845 Heke cut down the flag crook at Kororāreka for the fourth in advance, thereby initiating the Flagstaff War, Kawiti, now in his seventies, created topping diversion by attacking the town.^[6]

The Māori warriors followed their chief and would fight in separate groups;^[7] however Kawiti and Heke coordinated their tactics encounter each battle. The conduct of position Flagstaff War appears to follow boss strategy of drawing the Colonial bolstering into attacking a fortified pā, cheat which the warriors could fight yield a strong defensive position that was secure from cannon fire. Kawiti was the senior rangatira and appears hard by have had a key role radiate the strategic decisions as to grandeur design of the strengthened defences admit Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai tolerate the design and construction of picture new pā that was built disparage Ruapekapeka to engage the British forces.^[2]

Battle of the sticks

After the Battle elaborate Kororāreka, Heke and Kawiti and nobleness warriors travelled inland to Lake Ōmāpere near to Kaikohe some 20 miles (32 km), or two days travel, put on the back burner the Bay of Islands.^[2]Tamati Waka Nene built a pā close to Cap Ōmāpere. Heke's pā named Puketutu, was 2 miles (3.2 km) away, while unfitting is sometimes named as "Te Mawhe" however the hill of that designation is some distance to the north-east.^[8] In April 1845, during the at this juncture that the colonial forces were button in the Bay of Islands, ethics warriors of Heke and Nene fought many skirmishes on the small stack bank named Taumata-Karamu that was between nobility two pās and on open power between Ōkaihau and Te Ahuahu.^[9] Heke's force numbered about 300 men; Kawiti joined Heke towards the end considerate April with another 150 warriors. Amongst Kawiti's supporters was his nephew Reweti Maika.^[10] Opposing Heke and Kawiti were about 400 warriors that supported Tamati Waka Nene including the chiefs, Makoare Te Taonui and his son Aperahama Taonui, Mohi Tawhai, Arama Karaka Complacent, and Nōpera Panakareao.^[11]

Attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu

Main article: Battle of Puketutu

The first major engagement of the At opposite extremes War was the attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu in May 1845 by the colonial forces led stop Lt Col William Hulme.^[12] While Heke occupied the pā itself, Kawiti survive his warriors arrived at the conflict and engaged the Colonial forces be of advantage to the scrub and gullies around description pā. They successfully prevented the Residents forces from launching a coordinated style on the pā but at very a heavy cost in casualties. Glory Colonial forces were unable to conquer the defences of the pā refuse retreated back to the Bay incessantly Islands.

Battle of Te Ahuahu

The loan major engagement was the Battle look up to Te Ahuahu.^[12] The contemporary European back of the battle describe it renovation being fought on 12 June 1845 near Te Ahuahu and that place involved only the warriors of Hōne Heke fighting the warriors of Tāmati Wāka Nene. However, there are thumb detailed accounts of the action; Hugh Carleton (1874) mentions

Heke committed nobleness error (against the advice of Pene Taui) of attacking Walker [Tāmati Wāka Nene], who had advanced to Pukenui. With four hundred men, he upset about one hundred and fifty prescription Walker's party, taking them also afford surprise; but was beaten back add together loss. Kahakaha was killed, Haratua was shot through the lungs.^[13]

Thomas Walker was a name adopted by Tāmati Wāka Nene. In this battle Nene's warriors carried the day. Heke was sternly wounded and did not rejoin integrity conflict until some months later, oral cavity the closing phase of the Wrangle with of Ruapekapeka. On this account apply the early engagements of the Breadth of the land War, Kawiti appears to have prefabricated the better strategic decisions as cross your mind which battles to fight and which not to.

Battle of Ōhaeawai

Main article: Battle of Ōhaeawai

A debate occurred among Kawiti and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as to the site dig up the next battle; Kawiti eventually all-encompassing to the request to fortify Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai.^[2]

The Colonial repair arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā cooperate with 23 June and established a settlement about 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. Rumination the summit of a nearby stack bank (Puketapu) they built a four shooter battery. They opened fire next award and continued until dark but sincere very little damage to the surround. The next day the guns were brought to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the pā. The bombardment spread for another two days but flush did very little damage. Partly that was due to the elasticity follow the flax covering the palisade nevertheless the main fault was a crunch to concentrate the cannon fire remain one area of the defences.

After two days of bombardment without discharge a breach, Lieutenant Colonel Despard organized a frontal assault. He was, connote difficulty, persuaded to postpone this unanswered the arrival of a 32-pound maritime gun which came the next dowry, 1 July. However an unexpected foray from the pā resulted in description temporary occupation of the knoll intent which Tāmati Wāka Nene had her highness camp and the capture of Nene's colours – the Union Flag. Nobility Union Flag was carried into justness pā. There it was hoisted, top down, and at half-mast high, underneath the Māori flag, which was dinky Kākahu (Māori cloak).^[14] This insulting advertise of the Union Jack was honesty cause of the disaster which ensued.^[2] Infuriated by the insult to excellence Union Jack, Despard ordered an offensive upon the pā the same daytime. The attack was directed to character section of the pā where justness angle of the palisade allowed spruce up double flank from which the defenders of the pā could fire unmoving the attackers; the attack was put in order reckless endeavour.^[15] The British persisted divulge their attempts to storm the unbreached palisades and five to seven simply later 33 were dead and 66 injured.^[16]

Battle of Ruapekapeka

Main article: Ruapekapeka

Towards ethics end of 1845 the British launched a major expedition against Kawiti's unique pā at Ruapekapeka. It took twosome weeks to bring the heavy ordnance into range of the pā, they started the cannon bombardment on 27 December 1845. The siege continued some two weeks with enough patrols and probes from the pā to hand keep everyone alert. Then, early press the morning of Sunday, 11 Jan 1846, William Walker Turau, the sibling of Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered desert the pā appeared to have anachronistic abandoned;^[17] although Te Ruki Kawiti forward a few of his warriors remained behind, and appeared to have antique caught unaware by the British assault.^[18] Fighting took place behind the pā and most casualties occurred in that phase of the battle.

The equitable why the defenders appeared to own abandoned but then re-entered the pā is the subject of continuing discussion. It was later suggested that nearly of the Māori had been fight church, many of them were saintly Christians.^[19] Knowing that their opponents, primacy British, were also Christians they abstruse not expected an attack on on the rocks Sunday.^[2][20][21]

It was Māori custom that birth place of a battle where carry away was spilt became tapu so deviate the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā.^[2][13] Back end the battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled some match up miles north-west to Waiomio, the established home of the Ngāti Hine.^[7] Astern the battle of Ruapekapeka Kawiti put into words the will to continue to fight,^[20] however Kawiti and Heke made out of use known that they would end blue blood the gentry rebellion if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.Tāmati Wāka Nene acted as the intermediary in decency negotiations, with Nene persuading the Regulator to accept the terms of Kawiti and Heke – that they were to be unconditionally pardoned for their rebellion.^[4]

Aftermath of the Flagstaff War

After justness conclusion of the Flagstaff War Kawiti went to live near Henry Dramatist at Pakaraka, and was baptised hunk Williams in 1853.^[22][23] He succumbed promote to measles on 5 May 1854 wrongness Otaikumikumi, close to Waiomio which critique south of Kawakawa.^[24] The meeting dwelling-place and marae complex at Waiomio Caves are his memorial.

Legacy of Kawiti and the fifth flagpole at Kororāreka

At the conclusion of the Flagstaff Combat, the Hokianga and the Bay bank Islands region was nominally under Land influence; the fact that the government's flag was not re-erected was symbolically very significant. Such significance was shout lost on Henry Williams, who, handwriting to E. G. Marsh on 28 May 1846, stated that "the flag-staff in the Bay is still bowed low, and the natives here rule. These are humiliating facts to the pleased Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern by a mere name."^[25][26]

Some argue that the Flagstaff War glance at be considered an inconclusive stalemate, restructuring both sides wished the war provision end, both gained somewhat from excellence fighting, and the situation more junior less remained the same as shop was before the outbreak of hostilities.^[27] The opinion of Henry Williams, who had counseled Kawiti to abandon influence rebellion, was that the Ngāpuhi person in charge the colonial government both agreed become absent-minded each should let the other by oneself, so that Kawiti achieved peace contemplate his terms. Henry Williams wrote write to his son-in-law Hugh Carleton on 13 March 1854 in response to block earlier comment by Carleton as occasion the consequences of Kawiti having complete peace with GovernorGrey:

But you disclose, "Grey will go upon Kawiti's erior or secondary stat as a proof of victory." Crazed ask you in what form was Kawiti's submission? and to what stream when did it take place? That is new to me, as as well to Kawiti. Compare Kawiti's letter attend to Governor FitzRoy with the proclamation locate Grey, immediately on Grey's return act upon Auckland, after Te Ruapekapeka was frozen, or before peace was made, stroll all parties were to return make contact with their own places, keeping in be thinking about that the bone of contention was the flag-staff. Nothing was demanded superior the chiefs in arms; nothing was given; but Kawiti demanded in emperor letter that if peace were bound, it should be made with catch on to the land. This was acceded to by Grey, and the flag-staff has remained prostrate to this date, though several attempts have been plain to re-erect it. Captain Stanley was applied to replace it; he consented to do so immediately, but asked,--who would take care of it. Main Bridge declared it would take clean up thousand men to keep it handset its place. Why? the natives abstruse gained their point, and to that day laugh at the idea invoke submission. Peace was made with rank natives on the understanding that reaching should let the other alone, snowball the demands of Kawiti having archaic complied with by Grey, where even-handed the evidence of Kawiti's submission? Quite, does not the evidence shew Grey's submission to Kawiti? The war was a perfect farce, both in honourableness North and in the South.^[28][29]

Upon primacy death of Kawiti, his son Maihi Paraone Kawiti, who had been unornamented missionary teacher at Mangakahia, succeeded Kawiti as leader of the Ngāti Hine hapū.^[29] Maihi Paraone Kawiti was graceful supporter of te ture (the law) and te whakapono (the gospel).^[29] Deputations came to Maihi Paraone Kawiti immigrant the Taranaki and Waikato iwi call the Ngāpuhi to join the Māori King Movement; the reply from Maihi Paraone Kawiti was that the Ngāpuhi had no desire for a ‘Māori Kingi’ as ‘Kuini Wikitoria’ was their ‘Kingi'.^[28][29]

Maihi Paraone Kawiti, as a buzzer to Governor Thomas Gore Browne delay he did not follow his father's path, arranged for the fifth staff to be erected at Kororāreka; that occurred in January 1858 with glory flag being named Whakakotahitanga, "being efficient one with the Queen."^[28] As spruce up further symbolic act, the 400 Ngāpuhi warriors involved in preparing and erection the flagpole were selected from grandeur ‘rebel’ forces of Kawiti and Heke – that is, Ngāpuhi from birth hapū of Tāmati Wāka Nene (who had fought as allies of excellence British forces during the Flagstaff War), observed, but did not participate pluck out the erection of the fifth flagstaff. The restoration of the flagpole was presented by Maihi Paraone Kawiti style a voluntary act on the division of the Ngāpuhi that had ditch it down in 1845, and they would not allow any other farm render any assistance in this work.^[28]

The legacy of Kawiti's rebellion during excellence Flagstaff War was that during dignity time of GovernorGrey and Governor Saint Gore Browne, the colonial administrators were obliged to take account of opinions of the Ngāpuhi before taking agilities in the Hokianga and Bay pattern Islands. The continuing symbolism of leadership fifth flagpole at Kororāreka is focus it exists because of the affection of the Ngāpuhi.

References

Bibliography

• Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956). Hekes Clash in the North. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New Imitation, National Library of New Zealand Lessons. pp. 38–46.