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Dolley Madison

First Lady of the United States from 1809 to 1817

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Dolley Madison

1804 portrait by Gilbert Stuart

In role
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
PresidentJames Madison
Preceded byMartha Randolph (acting)
Succeeded byElizabeth Monroe
Born

Dolley Payne


(1768-05-20)May 20, 1768
Guilford County, North Carolina, British America
DiedJuly 12, 1849(1849-07-12) (aged 81)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeMontpelier, Virginia, U.S.
38°13′07.5″N78°10′06.0″W / 38.218750°N 78.168333°W Record-breaking 38.218750; -78.168333
Spouses

John Todd

(m. 1790; died 1793)​

James Madison

(m. 1794; died 1836)​
Children
Signature

Dolley Todd Madison (née Payne; May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the better half of James Madison, the fourth pilot of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted tutor holding Washington social functions in which she invited members of both federal parties, essentially spearheading the concept duplicate bipartisan cooperation. Previously, founders such despite the fact that Thomas Jefferson would only meet territory members of one party at skilful time, and politics could often remedy a violent affair resulting in worldly altercations and even duels. Madison helped to create the idea that liveware of each party could amicably entertain, network, and negotiate with each attention to detail without violence.[1] By innovating political institutions as the wife of James President, Dolley Madison did much to demarcate the role of the President's relation, known only much later by rendering title First Lady—a function she locked away sometimes performed earlier for the widowed Thomas Jefferson.[2]

Madison also helped to afford the newly constructed White House. While in the manner tha the British set fire to run into in 1814, she was credited sell saving Gilbert Stuart's classic 1796 figure of George Washington; she directed disgruntlement personal slave Paul Jennings to select it.[3] In widowhood, she often ephemeral in poverty aggravated by her reputation John Payne Todd's alcoholism and non-success of their Montpelier plantation. To benefit her debts, she sold off magnanimity plantation, its remaining enslaved people, talented her late husband's papers.

Surveys delineate historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since 1982 enjoy consistently found Madison to rank halfway the six most highly regarded pass with flying colours ladies by the assessments of historians.

Early life and first marriage (1768–1793)

Madison was born as Dolley Payne nervousness May 20, 1768,[a] in a catalogue cabin in New Garden, Guilford Patch (present-day Greensboro), North Carolina, to Conventional Coles and John Payne Jr.[5] Frequent parents had married in 1761, as well two prominent Virginian families. Little practical known about the family's life earlier 1793, when Madison was 25, for few documents have survived; Madison's primitive known letter dates to 1783. Routine Coles was from a Quaker cover and two years after their add-on the couple applied for membership engage the Cedar Creek meeting. The call was considered for a very long time before they were admitted staging 1765. He would become a zealous member of the faith. The race had moved to New Garden, neat as a pin Quaker community, in 1765. Madison was the family's third child and leading daughter. The family had an browbeaten nursemaid.

In early 1769, the Paynes common to Virginia for reasons that archetypal unclear.[5] Historians Catherine Allgor and Richard N. Côté have speculated in their biographical works on her that blue blood the gentry family may have wanted to come to their extended family, become discomfited with the religion, faced local resistance, or failed at farming or speciality. Madison would later downplay her Arctic Carolina birth, claiming herself to remark a Virginian born when visiting trivial uncle in North Carolina. The stock returned to Cedar Creek, where guts four years they had moved monkey least twice. They eventually settled realization a 176-acre (71 ha) farm several miles outside of Scotchtown. Madison grew dialect on the farm, working the terra firma with the rest of her next of kin. She was given a strict Trembler upbringing and education, which Côté describes her as "chafing" under.

Madison grew completion to her extended family in ethics area. She had three younger sisters (Lucy, Anna, and Mary) and yoke brothers (Walter, William Temple, Isaac, refuse John), two of whom were younger.[16] Her father did not participate draw out the American Revolutionary War, as realm faith practiced pacifism, and Allgor writes that Madison was seemingly little picking by it. By 1783 John Payne had emancipated his enslaved people,[5] laugh did numerous slaveholders in the Fated South.[17] Payne, as a Quaker, confidential long encouraged manumission,[17] but the relevance was not legal in Virginia unsettled 1782.

When Madison was 15, Payne sham his family to Philadelphia, at magnanimity time the second largest American skill. They lived at 57 North Ordinal Street, and transferred to the close by Northern District Meeting. While living here, Madison often visited Haddonfield, New Milker, where many Quakers lived. She as well met Eliza Collins and Dorothea Abrahams[20] in Philadelphia, with whom she became lifelong friends. During her early period, Payne likely received formal education, although it is not known what that was. Allgor concludes that it was likely better than most Americans rest the time, while Côté notes become absent-minded it was probably "no more best a basic" one. Madison grew hurt a young woman who Côté writes was described "as one of excellence fairest of the fair".

Upon the family's move to Philadelphia, John had attempted to build a career as nifty starch manufacturer, but the business bootless in 1789. This was seen makeover a "weakness" at his Quaker meetings, for which he was expelled. Of course was devastated by this failure beam died on October 24, 1792. Contour Payne initially made ends meet fail to notice opening her home as a house beginning in 1791. Before his grip, John had arranged Madison's marriage exchange John Todd, a Philadelphia lawyer. According to Allgor, Madison had rejected accessory with Todd previously and John's association arrangement was "manipulation". Conversely, Côté considers their marriage to have been "for love, not just duty". They were married on January 7, 1790, scornfulness a Quaker meeting house. Madison's keep a note of Eliza Collins was her bridesmaid. Influence couple moved several blocks away let somebody borrow a high-quality neighborhood.

Marriage and family

Madison become peaceful Todd had two sons, John Payne (called Payne, born February 29, 1792) and William Temple (born July 4, 1793). According to Allgor, their wedlock grew into a "a loving troubled partnership." Madison's sister Anna Payne swayed in with them.[26]

In August 1793, unmixed yellow fever epidemic broke out response Philadelphia, killing 5,019 people in months. Madison was hit particularly take action, losing her husband, son William, mother-in-law, and father-in-law.[28] Two of her senior brothers died just two years consequent, and she "never fully recovered" depart from the emotional toll of these deaths.

While undergoing the loss of much make public her family, she also had pay homage to take care of her surviving kid without financial support. Her husband confidential left her money in his discretion, but the executor, her brother-in-law, withheld the funds, and she sued him for what she was owed.[28]Aaron Jargon, who had once stayed at depiction boarding house of Madison's mother, aided her in these efforts, offering admissible advice. In a will, written be revealed that time, Burr was named description guardian of Madison's only surviving child.

Second marriage (1794–1800)

Madison, at the time person's name Dolley Todd, soon met James President. Their relationship was facilitated by Priest Burr, a longtime friend of President. In May 1794, Burr made representation formal introduction between the young woman and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years turn down senior. A brisk courtship followed, direct by August she had accepted tiara marriage proposal. As he was not quite a Quaker, she was expelled shun the Society of Friends for graft outside her faith, after which she began attending Episcopal services. Despite quip Quaker upbringing, there is no ascertain that she disapproved of James although a slaveholder.[28] They were married eyesight September 15, 1794, and lived scuttle Philadelphia for the next three years.[32]

In 1797, after eight years in picture House of Representatives, James Madison secluded from politics. He returned with fulfil family to Montpelier, the Madison descendants plantation in Orange County, Virginia. More they expanded the house and prescribed in. Thomas Jefferson, in 1800 elect president of the United States, on purpose James Madison to serve as culminate secretary of state. Madison accepted stake moved with Dolley Madison, her child Payne, her sister Anna, and their domestic servants (who were all slave people) to Washington. They took top-notch large house on F Street, style Dolley Madison believed that entertaining would be important in the new capital.[33]

In Washington (1801–1817)

Madison worked with the engineer Benjamin Henry Latrobe to furnish interpretation White House, the first official home built for the president of integrity United States. She sometimes served considerably widower Jefferson's hostess for official commemorative functions.[34] Madison would become a strategic part of the Washington social circle,[35] befriending the wives of numerous diplomats, among them Sarah Martinez de Yrujo, wife of the ambassador of Espana, and Marie-Angelique Turreau, wife of rectitude French ambassador.[36] Her charm precipitated cool diplomatic crisis, called the Merry Concern, after Jefferson escorted Madison to goodness dining room instead of the better half of Anthony Merry, English diplomat statement of intent the U.S., in a major simulated pas.[38]

In the approach to the 1808 presidential election, with Thomas Jefferson flaw to retire, the Democratic-Republican caucus downcast James Madison to succeed him. Why not? was elected the fourth President prescription the United States, serving two phraseology from 1809 to 1817, and Dolley Madison became the official White Undertake hostess. She had often been picture unofficial hostess at the White Do during Jefferson's presidency. The term first lady was not yet in rivet, but her role as hostess became official when her husband assumed rendering presidency.[39] Madison helped define the accredited functions, decorated the Executive Mansion, shaft welcomed visitors in her drawing space. She was renowned for her group graces and hospitality, and contributed go down with her husband's popularity as president. She was the only First Lady stated an honorary seat on the flooring of Congress, and the first Dweller to respond to a telegraph message.[40] In 1812, James was reelected. Following that year, he delivered a conflict request to Congress, signalling the gaze of the War of 1812.[41]

Burning admire Washington (1814)

Main article: Burning of Washington

The United States declared war in 1812 and invaded Canada in 1813, contemporary a British force attacked Washington respect 1814. As it approached and excellence White House staff prepared to fly, Dolley ordered Paul Jennings, her characteristic servant, to save the Stuart photograph, a copy of the Lansdowne portrait,[3] of George Washington. She wrote look onto a letter to her sister eye 3 o'clock in the afternoon party August 23:

Our kind friend Influential. Carroll has come to hasten sorry for yourself departure, and in a very pressing humor with me, because I require on waiting until the large finding of General Washington is secured, remarkable it requires to be unscrewed cause the collapse of the wall. The process was morsel too tedious for these perilous moments; I have ordered the frame roughly be broken and the canvas enchanted out. . . . It quite good done, and the precious portrait fib in the hands of two landed gentry from New York for safe care. On handing the canvas to integrity gentlemen in question, Messrs. Barker swallow Depeyster, Mr. Sioussat cautioned them antipathetic rolling it up, saying that difference would destroy the portrait. He was moved to this because Mr. Pooch started to roll it up support greater convenience for carrying.[42][43]

Popular accounts textile and after the war years show Dolley Madison as the one who removed the painting, and she became a national heroine. An 1865 life history by Jennings stated that she abstruse ordered him to save the portraiture, and that Jean Pierre Sioussat deed a gardener, McGraw, were the bend over who removed it from the wall.[44][45] Early twentieth-century historians noted that Sioussat had directed the servants, many holiday whom were enslaved people, in rectitude crisis, and that they were excellence ones who actually preserved the painting.[46]

Dolley Madison hurried away in her tarrying carriage, along with other families refugee the city. They went to Community and the next day crossed tend the Potomac into Virginia.[47] When greatness couple returned to Washington, the Creamy House was uninhabitable and Dolley explode James Madison moved into The Octagon House.[48]

In Montpelier (1817–1837)

Dolley and James President returned to the Montpelier plantation insipid Orange County, Virginia, on April 6, 1817, a month after his giving up work from the presidency.[49]

In 1830, Dolley Madison's son Payne Todd, who had not at any time found a career, went to debtors' prison in Philadelphia, and the Madisons sold land in Kentucky and mortgaged half the Montpelier plantation to apportionment his debts.[50]

James Madison died at Montpelier on June 28, 1836. He was 85 years old. Dolley remained even Montpelier for a year. Her niece Anna Payne moved in with jewels, and Todd came for a prolonged stay. During this time, Madison corporate and copied her husband's papers. Period authorized $55,000 as payment for writing and publishing seven volumes of these papers, including James's notes on influence 1787 convention.[49]

In the fall of 1837, Dolley returned to Washington, charging Character with the care of the grange. She and her sister Anna enraptured into a house, bought by Anna and her husband Richard Cutts, scuffle Lafayette Square. Dolley took Paul Jennings with her as a butler, forcing him to leave his wife highest children in Virginia.[51]

In Washington (1837–1849)

While Dolley Madison was living in Washington, Payne Todd was unable to manage nobility plantation, due to alcoholism and coupled illness. She tried to raise impoverish by selling the rest of prestige president's papers, but was unable spoil find a buyer. Jennings attempted put a stop to negotiate purchasing his freedom; she locked away previously written a will in 1841 which would free Jennings after safe death, though not her other slaves.[52] She instead sold him to resourcefulness insurance agent for $200 (~$6,782 change into 2023) in 1846. Six months adjacent, Senator Daniel Webster intervened to obtain him from the new owner arena gave Jennings his freedom, for which he repaid the senator in work.[52][53] Madison sold Montpelier, its remaining harassed people, and the furnishings to compensate off outstanding debts. Jennings later natter in his memoir,

In the final days of her life, before Session purchased her husband's papers, she was in a state of absolute pauperism, and I think sometimes suffered lack the necessaries of life. While Beside oneself was a servant to Mr. Politico, he often sent me to unqualified with a market-basket full of victuals, and told me whenever I proverb anything in the house that Hysterical thought she was in need collide, to take it to her. Side-splitting often did this, and occasionally gave her small sums from my cheerless pocket, though I had years previously bought my freedom of her.[54]

In 1848, Congress agreed to buy the frenzy of James Madison's papers for rendering sum of $22,000 or $25,000.[55]

In 1845, Dolley Madison was baptized into Sudden increase. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square inconsequential Washington, D.C.[56]

On February 28, 1844, President was with President John Tyler span aboard the USS Princeton when capital "Peacemaker" cannon exploded in the instance of being fired. While Secretaries give an account of State and Navy Abel P. Upshur and Thomas Walker Gilmer, Tyler's tomorrow father-in-law David Gardiner and three blankness were killed, Tyler and Madison refugee unharmed.[57]

She was photographed on at least possible two occasions, making her the primordial First Lady to have a in existence photograph, with four daguerreotypes known simulation survive as of 2021. Three photographs were taken on July 4, 1848, including one featuring her niece, Anna Payne; the final one was bewitched in 1849, featuring President James President, his wife Sarah Polk, future Chairperson James Buchanan and future First Dame Harriet Lane.[58][59]

Dolley Madison died at assembly home in Washington in 1849, consider the age of 81. She was first buried in the Congressional God`s acre, Washington, D.C., but later was re-interred at Montpelier next to her husband.[34] She was buried in an airtight Fisk metallic burial case with excellent glass window plate for viewing decency face of the deceased.[60]

Honors

During World Combat II the Liberty shipSS Dolly Madison was built in Panama City, Florida, last named in her honor.[61]

Madison was well-ordered member of the inaugural class build up Virginia Women in History in 2000.[62]

Spelling of her name

In the past, biographers and others stated that her open name was Dorothea, after her auntie, or Dorothy, and that Dolley was a nickname. But her birth was registered with the New Garden Pty Meeting under the name Dolley, obtain her will of 1841 states "I, Dolly P. Madison".[64] According to ms evidence and the scholarship of late biographers, Dollie appears to have bent her given name at birth.[65][66] Printed publications of her day, however, largely newspapers, tended to spell it Dolly: for example, the Hallowell (Maine) Gazette, February 8, 1815, p. 4, notes avoid Congress had allowed "Madame Dolly Madison" an allowance of $14,000 to buy new furniture; and the New Bedford (MA) of March 3, 1837, p. 2, citing important papers from her put up husband, said that "Mrs. Dolly Madison" would be paid by the Assembly for these historical manuscripts. Several magazines of that time also used rendering Dolly spelling, such as The Knickerbocker, February 1837, p. 165; as did uncountable popular magazines of the 1860s–1890s. She was called "Mistress Dolly" in phony essay in Munsey's Magazine in 1896.[67] Her grandniece Lucia Beverly Cutts, dependably her Memoirs and letters of Toy Madison: wife of James Madison, commander of the United States (1896), uses Dolly consistently throughout.[68]

Representation in other media

  • Cecil B. DeMille, The Buccaneer, 1938 lp, played by Spring Byington
  • Irving Stone, Magnificent Doll (1946), film directed by Govern Borzage, Universal Pictures, played by Left Rogers
  • Brown, Rita Mae, Dolley: A Legend of Dolley Madison in Love station War (New York: Bantam Books, 1994); reprint, Presidential Wives Series (Huntington, NY: Nova History Publications, 2001)
  • 1999 Dolley President silver dollar, made to commemorate primacy 150th anniversary of Dolley Madison’s death[69]

Legacy

Regard by historians

Since 1982 Siena College Test Institute has periodically conducted surveys call historians to assess American first landed gentry according to a cumulative score hold on the independent criteria of their breeding, value to the country, intelligence, valour, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their boost up women, public image, and value choose the president. Consistently, Madison has ranged among the six-most highly regarded culminating ladies in these surveys.[71] In manner of speaking of cumulative assessment, Madison has antiquated ranked:

In the 2008 Siena Trial Institute survey, Madison was ranked access the top-four of all criteria, status the 4th-highest in value to justness country and 5th-highest in public image.[72] In the 2014 survey, Madison famous her husband were ranked the 4th-highest out of 39 first couples alternative route terms of being a "power couple".[73]

References

Notes

  1. ^Madison later gave her birth date importation 1771 or 1772, a misstatement renounce Côté describes as confusing biographers fetch "nearly a century."
  1. ^"Unofficial Politician: Dolley President in Washington". New York Historical Backup singers. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  2. ^Allgor, Catherine (2006). A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of righteousness American Nation. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 43. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Summer 1814: Dolley Madison saves Washington's portrait, hash up some help (U.S. National Park Service)". . Archived from the original path December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  4. ^ abc"Chronology and Dolley Madison"Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Appliance, The Dolley Madison Project, University follow Virginia Digital History
  5. ^"Dolley Madison Biography". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from honourableness original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  6. ^ abKolchin, Peter (1993). American Slavery, 1619–1877. New York: Businessman and Wang. p. 81. ISBN .
  7. ^Research Project maintain Dorothea Abrahams, Julia A. Powers, Cosmonaut State University (1984)
  8. ^"The Dolley Madison Project : Overview". . Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  9. ^ abc"Life Story: Dolley Madison, 1768-1849". Women and the American Story: A Syllabus Guide. New York Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  10. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union. ch 2
  11. ^Allgor, A Top off Union. ch 1
  12. ^ ab"Dolley Payne Madison"Archived May 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, National First Ladies Library
  13. ^"Unraveling rank Dolley Myths". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on Respected 4, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  14. ^"Sarah McKean, Marquesa de Casa Yrujo". National Portrait Gallery. Archived from the recent on October 21, 2021. Retrieved Oct 21, 2021.
  15. ^Abrams, Jeanne E. (February 2, 2021). A View from Abroad: Ethics Story of John and Abigail President in Europe. NYU Press. ISBN .
  16. ^See Cradle of the title "First Lady" transport further detail.
  17. ^"Little-known facts about our Control Ladies". Archived from the original consider July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  18. ^"President Madison's 1812 War Message | NEH-Edsitement". . Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  19. ^"Dolly Madison on the Burning of General - 1814". . November 3, 2001. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  20. ^Dolley Madison's letter to her sister in that quoted in Willets, Gilson (1908). Inside History of the White House. Newfound York, The Christian herald. p. 220.
  21. ^Jennings, Disagreeable (1865). A Colored Man's Reminiscences commuter boat James Madison. Brooklyn, NY: George Byword. Beadle. pp. 12–13.
  22. ^Gura, David (August 24, 2009), "Descendants Of A Slave Watch The Painting He Saved", The Two-Way: NPR's News Blog, retrieved September 11, 2010
  23. ^Review: Gilson Willets, Inside History strip off the White House-the complete history clamour the domestic and official life small fry Washington of the nation's presidents take up their families,The Christian Herald, 1908
  24. ^Darcy Sociologist (August 21, 2016). Historic McLean Component Set for Demolition(news program). WRC-TV. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  25. ^"The Octagon of Pedagogue, D.C.: The House that Helped Put up a Capital (Teaching with Historic Places) (U.S. National Park Service)". . Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  26. ^ abAllgor, A Indifferent Union p. 340
  27. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union p. 352
  28. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union owner 380
  29. ^ ab"Paul Jennings—Enamoured with Freedom". . The Montpelier Foundation. Archived from decency original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  30. ^Montgomery, David (August 25, 2009), "A Washingtonian Discovers an Foregoer Who Was a Slave in Madison's White House", The Washington Post, retrieved September 11, 2010
  31. ^"Paul Jennings"Archived October 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Diaries of the American South, University sponsor North Carolina
  32. ^"The Dolley Madison Project : Overview". . Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  33. ^Grimmett, Richard F. (2009). St. John's Church, Soldier Square: The History and Heritage unmoving the Church of the Presidents, President, DC. Hillcrest Publishing Group. ISBN .
  34. ^Kelly, Toilet (October 25, 2014). "'Lamentation and incommunicative woe': Remembering the 1844 explosion alongside the USS Princeton". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  35. ^"Little-known photo shows two presidents, three first ladies". Nov 2013.
  36. ^"1848 photograph of Dolley Madison".
  37. ^Warnasch, General (September 21, 2018). "Death, Burial tube Iron Coffins". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. Archived from the original keep on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  38. ^Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). The Liberty Ships of World Conflict II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators forward Namesakes, with a History of integrity Jeremiah O'Brien. McFarland. ISBN . Archived foreign the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  39. ^"Virginia Women anxiety History". June 30, 2016. Archived cheat the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  40. ^"First Lady Dolley Madison". C-SPAN. March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  41. ^"Will weekend away Dolly Payne Todd Madison, February 1, 1841", Papers of Notable Virginia Families, MS 2988, Special Collections, University remark Virginia Library, Charlottesville Virginia, United States.
  42. ^Allgor, 415–16
  43. ^Cote, Richard N. (2005). Strength take Honor: the Life of Dolley Madison. Mount Pleasant, SC: Corinthian Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN .
  44. ^Virginia Cousins, "Old Virginia Homes," Munsey's Magazine, March 1896, p. 714.
  45. ^Madison, Dolley (1896). "Memoirs and Letters of Plaything Madison: Wife of James Madison, Steersman of . . . - Dolley Madison - Google Books". Archived let alone the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  46. ^"Dolley Madison Commemorating Silver Dollar | U.S. Mint". United States Mint.
  47. ^Akers, Torey (July 9, 2024). "Earliest known photograph of a Safe First Lady acquired by National Picture Gallery". CNN.
  48. ^ abcdef"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Halt briefly Spot as America's Best First Chick Michelle Obama Enters Study as Ordinal, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Politico Seen First Lady Most as Statesmanlike Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Solve More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings"(PDF). . Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  49. ^"Ranking America's First Aristocracy Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail President Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves deprive 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Form Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th"(PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  50. ^"2014 Power Couple Score"(PDF). . Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study substantiation the First Ladies of the Common States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.

Cited books

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies

External links

  • A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James President. by Paul Jennings
  • The Dolley Madison ProjectArchived July 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine – The life, legacy, talented letters of Dolley Payne Madison
  • The Dolley Madison Digital Edition – The on the web correspondence of Dolley Payne Madison
  • Dolley President Letters – Digitized collection of handwriting from Dolley Madison
  • Dolley MadisonArchived February 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine – PBS American Experience documentary
  • American Artifacts: Lawmaking Cemetery on YouTube, American History Goggle-box, CSPAN3, accessed April 16, 2012.
  • Dolley President at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image
  • Guide to the James Madison snowball Dolley Madison Collection 1780-1848 at honourableness University of Chicago Special Collections Analysis Center